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Bio 210 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

tissues

A

a group of similar cells and extracellular matrix that have a common goal

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2
Q

4 types of tissue

A

muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

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3
Q

stem cells

A

cells without a name or specific job. they maintain cell populations in tissues that have short lives and divide frequently

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4
Q

differentiation

A

specification of stem cells

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5
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms most glands

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6
Q

epithelium

A

composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells with little extracellular matrix and no blood vessels.

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7
Q

10 Characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

cellularity, polarity, attachment to basement membrane, avascularity, extensive innervation, high regeneration capacity, physical protection, selective permeability, secretions, and sensations.

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8
Q

cellularity

A

epithelium is composed of tightly packed cells

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9
Q

polarity

A

epithelium has an apical surface that is exposed to environment and a basal surface that anchors it to connective tissue

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10
Q

attachment to basement membrane

A

basement membrane is complex structure produced by epithelium and connective tissue.(lamina lucida, lamina densa, reticular lamina). contains collagen fibers and specific proteins and carbs. forms a selective barrier between epithelium and connective tissue

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11
Q

Avascularity

A

no blood vessels in apical surface

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12
Q

extensive innervation

A

skin detects changes in the environment in that region

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13
Q

high regeneration capacity

A

apical cell are frequently lost and replaced through mitosis of the deepest epithelial stem cells adjacent to the basement membrane

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14
Q

physical protection

A

skin protects from dehydration, abrasion, and destruction

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15
Q

selective permeability

A

skin is impermeable to some substances but promotes the passage of others

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16
Q

secretions

A

some skin secrete and may form glands

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17
Q

sensations

A

skin contains nerve endings

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18
Q

tight junctions

A

cell is completely attached to its neighbor through a fused plasma membrane. This prevents substances passing between cell in places like the small intestine and bladder

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19
Q

desmosomes

A

holds cells together at a single point; found in cells exposed to stress

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20
Q

gap junctions

A

forms tiny, fluid-filled tunnels that allow substances to travel directly to other cells. found between cells in cardiac muscle to allow flow of ions.

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21
Q

glands

A

cells or organs composed of epithelial tissue that secretes substances for use elsewhere or elimination.

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22
Q

endocrine glands

A

have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into body fluids (like interstitial fluid and blood). hormones act like chem. messengers that influence cell activity everywhere.

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23
Q

exocrine glands

A

formed from folded epithelium within connective tissue and is connected to epithelial surface by a duct (sweat mammary, salivary)

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24
Q

merocrine gland

A

exocrine gland that uses vesicles and exocytosis. happens in lacrimal, salivary, sweat, pancreas, and stomach

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25
apocrine glands
exocrine gland pinching off cytoplasm and exocytosis. happens in mammary and some sweat glands.
26
holocrine glands
exocrine gland that uses accumulation and then cell disintegration (sebaceous glands)
27
Functions of connective tissue
physical protection, support and structural framework, binding of structures, storage, transport, and immune protection.
28
physical protection in connective tissue
bones of skull and thoracic cage protect organs and adipose tissue protects kidney and eyes
29
support and structural framework of connective tissue
bones are framework; cartilage keeps trachea and bronchi open, supportive tissues are around kidney and spleen
30
binding of structures in connective tissue
ligament bind bone to bone tendons bind muscle to bone dense irregular tissue anchors skin to muscle and bone
31
storage
adipose tissue is major energy reserve and bones reserve calcium and phosphorus
32
transport in connective tissue
blood carries nutrients, gases, and wastes
33
immune protection in connective tissue
leukocytes protect body against disease. extracellular matrix restricts movement of infections organisms
34
body membranes
formed from epithelial tissue bound to underlying connective tissue. lines body cavities, covers viscera and body's external surfaces
35
4 types of body membranes
mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial
36
mucous membrane
lines compartments that open to external environments. Absorb, protect, and secrete. Formed from epithelium and underlying connective tissue covered in mucus
37
serous membrane
lines body cavities not opening to outside. Membrane is composed of simple squamous cells termed mesothelium. Produces serous fluid that is derived from blood plasma. functions to reduce friction between surfaces
38
cutaneous membrane
skin; covers external surface of the body to protect internal organs and prevent water loss. it is composed of keratinized stratified squamous cells and underlying connective tissue
39
synovial membrane
lines some joints; composed of areolar connective tissue covered by squamous epithelial cells with no basement membrane. Secretes synovial fluid that reduces friction among moving bones and brings nutrients to cartilage
40
metaplasia
when epithelial cells change into another form as it adapts. (ex: smokers trachea- pseudostratified ciliated columnar to nonkeratinized stratified squamous
41
hypertrophy
increase in size of existing cells of a tissue
42
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells of a tissue
43
neoplasia
out of control tissue growth forming a tumor
44
atrophy
shrinkage of tissue by decrease in cell number or size. results from inactivity or aging.
45
necrosis
tissue death. causes an inflammatory response to the damage
46
gangrene
necrosis of soft tissue due to lack of arterial blood supply. most common in diabetics and in the limbs. may require tissue removal and antibiotics
47
intestinal gangrene
follows obstruction of blood supply to intestines
48
dry gangrene
involved area is shriveled; usually due to extreme cold
49
wet gangrene
caused by bacterial infection of tissue with loss of blood supply. the ruptured cells release fluid
50
gas gangrene
bacteria invades necrotic tissue and produces gas bubbles
51
changes to aging tissue
support, maintenance, and replacement of cells is less efficient. structure and chem. composition may change (get thinner and less resilient), less collagen, brittle bones, muscle and nervous atrophy
52
components of integumentary system
skin, nails, hair, sweat and sebaceous glands
53
Integument
skin covering to body; also known as cutaneous membrane. Serves as a barrier and visual indicator of health.
54
study of skin
dermatology
55
area of integument
1.5-2.0 m2
56
thickness of integument
1.5-4.0mm
57
what tissue types is the integument composed of
all 4
58
3 layers of integument
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer
59
thick skin
on palms and feet. has all 5 layers of epidermal strata and has sweat glands. no hair or sebaceous glands. 0.4-0.6 mm thick
60
thin skin
covers most of body, lacks stratum lucidum. has sweat and sebaceous glands and hair. 0.075-0.15 mm thick
61
Functions of integument
protection, prevention of water loss, metabolic regulation, secretion and absorption, temperature regulation, and immune function
62
protection
protects against trauma, chemicals, toxins, microbes, temp, and solar radiation
63
prevention of water loss
water cannot exit unless secreted by sweat glands. Integument is water resistant, not waterproof.
64
transpiration
release of water vapor from sweat glands when not sweating. (some interstitial fluid penetrates through epidermis to air)
65
Metabolic regulation
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is synthesized from a steroid precursor by keratinocytes upon uv exposure. D3 is released into blood and transported to liver where it is converted to an intermediate molecule. Transported to kidney and converted to calcitriol: the active form of vitamin d that is a hormone to increase absorption of calcium and phosphate to increase bone density and regulate those levels in the blood
66
Secretion
Waste products are secreted onto skin during sweating (urea, salt, water)- this plays a role in electrolyte homeostasis. Sebum lubricates skin surface
67
Absorption
Can absorb certain chemicals and drugs that are oil soluble. Skin is selectively permeable.
68
Transdermal administration
oil soluble drugs delivered by an adhesive patch- absorbed in blood vessels of the dermis
69
Temperature regulation
body temp influenced by capillaries and sweat glands. dilation and sweating=hot; constriction=cold
70
Immune Function
dendritic cells within stratum spinosum in epidermis initiate immune response against pathogens and attack cancer cells. also found in dermis
71
hemoglobin
oxygen binding compound present in red blood cells. Bright red when exposed to oxygen, gives blood vessels in dermis a reddish tint seen more easily in fair skin. More visible if blood vessels dilate. Helps determine skin color
72
Melanin
pigment produced and stored in melanocytes- occurs in black, brown, tan, and yellow-brown shades. transferred to keratinocytes in stratum basale. Amount in skin due to heredity and light exposure All people have the same number of melanocytes.
73
Carotene
yellow-orange pigment acquired from similarly colored vegetables. Accumulates in fat and keratinocytes of stratum corneum. Converted to vitamin a within body. Plays an important role in vision, reducing free radicals and immune function
74
Hemangioma
skin discoloration due to benign blood vessel tumor.
75
Capillary hemangiomas
appear in skin as bright red to deep purple nodules; usually present at birth and disappear in childhood. Known as strawberry-colored birthmarks.
76
Cavernous hemangiomas
involves larger dermal blood vessels and may last a lifetime. known as port-wine stains
77
Nevus
commonly called a mole. Overgrowth of melanin forming cells- rarely may become malignant and should be monitored
78
Freckles
yellowish or brown spots. Represent localized areas of increased melanocyte activity. Degree of pigmentation based on heredity and sun exposure.

Bio 210 (14 decks)

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