Chapter 2 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Research Methods
scientific procedures used to conduct research and develop knowledge
What are the 2 types of measurement?
Quantitative: numerical manipulation of observations that is generalizable
Qualitative: non-numerical observations of underlying meanings that are not generalizable
Objectivity
the ability to conduct research without allowing personal biases or prejudices influence findings
Verstehen
understanding the meaning of action from the actor’s point of view
Epistemology
the nature of knowing
Empiricism
the idea that all knowledge originates from experience
Theory
set of observations that provide the basis for explanation of social phenomena
What are the steps of the scientific method?
- decide topic
- review lit.
- develop hypothesis
- select research design and collect data
- analyze results
- share and publish
Hypothesis
a statement on how variables relate
Variable
a characteristic or trait that can be measured
What are the 3 types of variables?
Independent: deliberately manipulated
Dependent: response to independent variable
Control: kept constant to accurately test the impact of the independent variable
Concept
abstract ideas that refer to objects, ideas, or behaviors
Operationalizing
turning abstract ideas into something measurable
Cross-sectional
event at a single point in time
Longitudinal
observation over a long time using a cohort
Cohort
specific group of people used in a study
Parameter
a number that describes a population
Statistic
a number that describes a sample
Bias
the likelihood that a non-representative sample may lead to inaccurate results
Survey
an investigation of opinions or behaviours of a group by asking them questions
Experiment
a method in which researchers control variable to test causes and effects
Participant Observation
when the researcher poses as a person who is normally in the environment
Case study
investigation on one person or event in detail
Ethnography
research method that aims to understand social perspective and cultural values by participating in and getting to know all activities in detail
