the combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems
human movement system
the communication network within the human body
nervous system
the ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
sensory function
the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information and produce the appropriate response
integrative function
the neuromuscular response to the sensory information after interpretation
motor function
the cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and movement
proprioception
the functional unit of the nervous system
neuron
neurons that transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord
sensory (afferent) neurons
neurons that transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites
mottor (efferent) neurons
neurons that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
interneurons
the portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body
peripheral nervous system
sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues
mechanoreceptors
mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change
muscle spindles
mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change
golgi tendon organs
mechanoreceptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint
joint receptors
the body’s framework; composed of bones and joints
skeletal system
structures that provide the resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs
bones
junctions of bones and connective tissues; where muscles cause movement to occur
joints
portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
axial skeleton
portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities
appendicular skeleton
the process of resorption and formation of bone
remodelling
a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue (resorption)
osteoclasts
a type of cell that is responsible for bone formation
osteoblasts
the end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production; one of the primary sites for bone growth
epiphysis
the shaft portion of a long bone
diaphysis
the region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis where growth in the length of the diaphysis occurs; the growth plate
epiphyseal plate
a dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone except the articulating surfaces in joints
periosteum
the central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
medullar cavity
cartilage that covers the articular surface of bones
articular (hyaline) cartilage
flattened or indented portions of bone which can be muscle attachment sites
depressions
projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
processes
a series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord
vertebral column
joint motion
arthrokinematics
joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement; produce synovial fluid to lubricate joints
synovial joints
joints that do not have a joint cavity, capsule, connective tissue, or cartilage
non-synovial joints
fibrous tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement
ligaments
series of muscles that moves the skeleton
muscular system
a layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia that surrounds the muscle
epimysium
the connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
perimysium
the deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibrers
endomysium
connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
tendons
the functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments
sacromere
the contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
neural activation
a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it connects to
motor unit