Chapter 2 - cells that make up human body Flashcards

(99 cards)

1
Q

active process

A

Process that involves the use of energy

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2
Q

active transport
- define
- example

A

Refers to carrier mediated transport against the concentration gradient from low conc to high conc. Carrier proteins use energy to move substances, usually ions across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient. example is sodium potassium pump. Carrier proteins can also be facilitated diffusion.

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3
Q

bilayer

A

2 layers that make up a single membrane

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4
Q

Centrioles

A

Pair of cylindrical structures involved in reproduction of the cell

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5
Q

cardiac muscle

A

muscle that forms the wall of the heart

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6
Q

carrier-mediated transport

A

transport across cell membrane by special carrier proteins, shape allows certain molecules to bind with proteins to be flicked across the cell membrane. Two types are facilitated carrier diffusion and active transport.

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7
Q

carrier protein
-energy

A

protein that carries substances from one side of the cell membrane to the other. Along conc. gradient (facilitated diffusion) passive, against gradient is active (active transport)

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8
Q

cell membrane
- functions

A

Plasma membrane that forms the external boundary of a cell.
Functions:
PRSS
- PHYSICAL BARRIER Separates interior of the cell from it’s external environment.
- REGULATES passage of substances in and out of the cell
- STRUCTURAL support to the cell and tissue
- SENSITIVE to change and other cells

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9
Q

cellular respiration

A

chemical reactions that make energy available for the cell

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10
Q

channel proteins

A

protein that allows ions, water and small molecules to diffuse through the tunnel in the protein. Type of facilitated diffusion along with passive carrier proteins.

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11
Q

chromosome

A

rod like structure in nucleus of the human cell, important for cell division

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12
Q

cilia
- does
- example

A

Hair like projections on outside of a cell, moves whole cell or moves material across the cell surface. Example is ciliated epithelial tissue which is found in the nasal cavity.

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13
Q

concentration

A

Measure of number of particles in a given volume

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14
Q

concentration gradient

A

Difference in concentration of a substance between two regions.
Molecules want to move down conc gradient (high to low) until
Equilibrium is achieves
Steeper the concentration gradient, faster the rate of diffusion.

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15
Q

connective tissue

A

tissue provides support for body organs.Eg lligaments connect bones

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16
Q

cytoplasm
- Facilitates

A

contents of cell, excluding nucleus, made of organelles and cytosol
- facilitates movement of materials within the cell

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17
Q

cytoskeleton

A

scaffolding of protein fibers within the cytoplasm of a cell. Made of microfilaments move materials around cytoplasm) and microtubules (keep organelles in place)

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18
Q

cytosol

A

liquid part of the cytoplasm of a cell
- serves as a site for metabolic reactions to occur

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19
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

molecule in nucleus of a cell that determines type of protein that cell can make

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20
Q

differentially permeable membrane

A

membrane permits passage of certain substances, restricts others

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21
Q

diffusion - until

A

movement of particles so are distributed evenly, diffusion is the net movement of ions from higher concentration to lower concentration, until evenly distributed.

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22
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process where cell takes in materials by enfolding and enclosing them. Includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis.Example of vesicular transport.

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23
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
-rough and smooth

A

Network of membranes forming channels through cytoplasm of a cell.
Rough ER - surface for ribosomes to attach and for chem reactions to occur
Smooth ER - channel for storing/transporting molecules

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24
Q

Epithelium - same as epithelial

A

Tissue that forms outer part of the skin, lines organs.

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25
Exocytosis
Process where contents of vesicles are pushed out through the cell membrane.
26
Extracellular fluid
Fluid outside the cells, tissue fluid (intercellular), lymph fluid and blood plasma
27
facilitated diffusion
Proteins allow movement of substances through the cell membrane, along the concentration gradient (passive)
28
Facilitated transport
Proteins in the cell membrane that allow molecules to be transported across the membrane
29
Flagella
Long projection from a cell, helps cell move (sperm cell)
30
Fluid mosaic model
Model showing structure of cell membrane
31
Golgi body
Structure in cytoplasm that packs materials for secretion from the cell
32
Homeostasis
Process which living organisms maintain a constant internal environment, despite fluctuation in external environment
33
hydrophilic
water loving
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hydrophobic
water hating
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inclusion
chemical substances inside a cell in the form of granules (small compact particles)
36
Involuntary muscle
muscle not under conscious control, walls of internal organs (smooth and cardiac muscles)
37
Lipid
made up of fatty acids
38
lysosome
small sphere in cytoplasm that contains digestive enzymes
39
matrix
non cellular material between cells of a tissue
40
microtubules
fine tubes that maintain shape of the cell and hold organelles into place
41
microfilaments
protein fibers that move materials around the cytoplasm
42
mitochondria
Power house of the cell: where aerobic respiration happens
43
nervous tissues
tissues made up of neuron cells
44
nuclear membrane
separates nucleus of the cell from the cytoplasm
45
nuclear pore
gaps in the nuclear membrane
46
nucleolus
structure within the cells nucleus, involved in protein synthesis
47
nucleus
large organelle in a cell where DNA is stored, to control cell activities
48
nuclear pore
gaps in the nuclear membrane
49
organ
structure made up of different types of tissues working together
50
organelle
structure within cytoplasm of the cell that has a specific purpose
51
organism
living thing with different body systems all integrated
52
osmosis - from area
diffusion of water molecules through a permeable membrane, from area of high solvent concentration to low solvent concentration
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osmotic pressure
pressure due to differences in concentration on either side of a differentially permeable membrane. Higher conc. of a solute dissolved, higher the osmotic pressure. The pressure is present until the movement of solute molecules is balanced and equilibrium is reached
54
passive process
process that occurs without any input of energy, simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
55
passive transport
transport of substances across membrane without the input of energy
56
phagocytosis
process which cells surround and take in solid particles
57
pinocytosis
process which a cell surrounds and takes in liquid
58
protein channel
pathway through a protein in the cell membrane that allows the passage of substances across the membrane
59
ribosome
site of protein synthesis where amino acids are joined to form proteins. located on surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum
60
simple diffusion example
process of substances moving along concentration gradient without the use of membrane proteins
61
skeletal muscle
muscle attached to bones, under voluntary control, called striated muscle
62
solvent
substance which a solute is dissolved in
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striated muscle
muscle made of dark and light bands. Skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated, only skeletal is referred as striated muscle.
64
organ system
group of organs that work together for a common function eg digestive system
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tissue - example
group of cells that are similar in structure and function. e.g muscle cells make up muscle tissue
66
tissue fluid
fluid in spaces between cells. Apart of extracellular fluid. Called intercellular fluid
67
vesicle
small membrane bound cavity in the cytoplasm
68
vesicular transport
transport of materials into or out of cell in membrane bound sacs. Is an active process as it requires energy to drive the process of vesicle formation and movement.
69
voluntary muscle
muscle under voluntary control
70
Nervous tissue
Nerve cells and brain
71
solute - example
Solute gets dissolved in solvent to form a solution. Salt is a solute.
72
cell - example
Biological unit of all living organisms. Example is a muscle cell that is able to shorten in length.
73
Organs
Structure of 2 or more different types of tissues that work together. Stomach is an organ made up of epithelial tissue and smooth muscle tissue
74
Body systems -example
Made up of groups of organs. Circulatory system includes heart, blood vessels and blood.
75
Lysosome
Membrane bound organelles that contains enzymes that break down molecules as well as worn out organelles
76
Advantage of cells being small
- Have high SA/Vol ratio which allows for efficient exchange of materials as reduces the distance substances need to travel to enter or exit the cell
77
Epithelial tissue - where - cell construction
Lining inside mouth and organs like heart and stomach, protective layer, cells are neatly packed together
78
connective tissue - what does it do - where is it found in organs
Connects different parts of the body like ligaments connecting bones. Structure and support. Lines outside of organs like stomach, heart (pericaridum) and kidneys (renal capsule)
79
Muscular tissue - what does it do - types
Responsible for involuntary and voluntary movement. Made of muscle cells. Skeletal, smooth and cardiac.
80
Nervous tissue
Made up of neurons, brain made up of nervous tissue.
81
Intracellular fluid
All the fluid within cells, in one particular cell it is called cytosol.
82
Inputs through cell membrane
Glucose - energy production Oxygen - necessary for cellular respiration Water - cell volume and vital for chemical reactions to occur
83
Outputs through cell membrane
Carbon dioxide - waste product in cellular respiration Water - excess water needs to be removed
84
Structure of cell membrane
Arrangement of phospholipids, membrane proteins, carbohydrate molecules and cholesterol molecules
85
membrane proteins - function
Function as channels/transporters for substances across the cell membrane
86
4 types of chemical compounds/macro nutrients
lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
87
Factors that affect SA/Vol ratio
Shape and size. Smaller cells with flatter shapes meet energy needs more effectively by diffusion as have larger SA/Vol ratio.
88
chem nature affects movement across membrane - lipid soluble
Can diffuse across the cell membrane with simple diffusion as of hydrophobic nature - can dissolve through the lipid bilayer
89
nature of small particles affects movement through membrane vs larger
can diffuse freely through cell membrane but larger substances require transport proteins
90
Structure and function of phospholipid molecule - what does it let into the cell
- fatty acid tail (hydrophobic), phosphate head (hydrophilic) - forms a bilayer structure making up the semi permeable membrane - Structure allows small fat soluble substances to diffuse through membrane like water and hydrogen.
91
cholesterol
Helps support the structure of the membrane, provides stability
92
2 factors that can affect how enzymes function
Temperature and pH level
93
Factors that affect rate of diffusion of substances
SA/Vol ratio of the cell, concentration gradient of the substance, chemical (polarity) or physical nature (size) of the substance.
94
Function of epithelial tissue
Lines internal and external surfaces of the body
95
Function of nervous tissue
Receives and transmits messages/impulses around the body
96
Function of connective tissue
Binds and supports other tissues
97
Function of skeletal muscle tissue
To attach to the skeleton through tendons to provide voluntary movement
98
Function of smooth muscle
Move the organs to perform functions like churning in the stomach
99
Function of cardiac muscle
Pump the blood in the heart