Chapter 10 - Cell division

Question 1

anaphase

Answer 1

chromatid pairs are pulled away by spindle fibres to opposite poles.

Question 2

anaphase 1

Answer 2

homologous chromosomes separate. the sister chromatids are not identical as of the allel exchange.

Question 3

anaphase 2`

Answer 3

sister chromatids separate

Question 4

benign

Answer 4

not able to spread to other parts of the body

Question 5

cancer

Answer 5

uncontrolled division of the cells

Question 6

carcinogen

Answer 6

environmental factors that can cause cancer, if they damage DNA it can lead to mutation that results in uncontrolled cell growth and division. UV, smoking tobacco, viruses like HPV

Question 7

cell cycle

Answer 7

events that take place from one cell division to the next. (interphase and mitotic phase)

Question 8

chiasma

Answer 8

point at which crossing over occurs between chromatids. sig. in prophase 1 where recombination happens

Question 9

crossing over

Answer 9

interchange of parts of chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes - creates new combination of alleles

Question 10

cytokinesis

Answer 10

division of cytoplasm to form 2 daughter cells

Question 11

diploid

Answer 11

46 chromosomes, 26 pairs of homologous chromosomes`

Question 12

down syndrome

Answer 12

trisomy 21. Altered physical appearances, intellectual disability.

Question 13

fertilisation

Answer 13

fusion of sperm and egg`

Question 14

Gamete

Answer 14

sperm or ova

Question 15

haploid number

Answer 15

23 chromosomes - one chromosome from each homologous pair

Question 16

homologous chromosomes

Answer 16

pairs of chromosomes - similar in shape, size and gene that control same characteristics

Question 17

independent assortment

Answer 17

random separation of the homologous chromosomes - separation doesn’t affect the separation of the other homologous chromosomes

Question 18

interphase

Answer 18

stage where DNA molecules deplicate

Question 19

Meiosis

Answer 19

type of cell division resulting in gametes (4 genetically different haploid cells from one diploid cell)

Question 20

Metaphase

Answer 20

chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell

Question 21

Malignant tumour

Answer 21

Able to spread to other parts of the body

Question 22

Metastasis

Answer 22

Happens with malignant tumours, spreading of tumour cells to form secondary tumour in different parts of the body

Question 23

mitosis

Answer 23

division of the nucleus, daughter nuclei have the same DNA as the parent cell

Question 24

monosomy

Answer 24

only one copy of a chromosome instead of 2

Question 25

non-dijunction

Answer 25

one or more of chromosome pairs fail to separate during meiosis

Question 26

partial monosomy

Answer 26

part of a chromosome missing

Question 27

partial trisomy

Answer 27

part of an extra chromosome

Question 28

prophase

Answer 28

first stage of mitosis. Chromosomes become visible, spindle fibres form, nuclear membrane breaks down

Question 29

prophase 1

Answer 29

in meiosis. recombination happens, exchanging segments of alleles between the paternal and maternal chromosomes. chromosomes visible, nuclear membrane breaks down etc

Question 30

prophase 2

Answer 30

nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibres form.

Question 31

Secondary tumour

Answer 31

cancer that has spread from the original tumour - refers to malignant tumour

Question 32

S phase in interphase

Answer 32

Synthesis phase where the DNA molecules duplicate

Question 33

telophase

Answer 33

final stage of mitosis. daughter chromosomes group at opposite poles of the cell, nuclear membrane reforms, cell membrane begins to pinch inwards

Question 34

trisomy

Answer 34

individual inherits an extra copy of a chromosome

Question 35

tumour

Answer 35

abnormal mass of tissue resulting from an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells.

Question 36

causes of cancer

Answer 36

genetic, unknown, certain carcinogens cause different types of cancer

Question 37

importance early detection of cancer

Answer 37

treatment can occur at early stages of tumour growth, improves chance of successful treatment and recovery

Question 38

cervical cancer

Answer 38

caused by human papillomavirus when it causes abnormal cervical cells to develop. Pap smear test to examine cervical cells for abnormalities that could develop into cancer

Question 39

breast cancer

Answer 39

formed from uncontrolled division and replication of abnormal cells in the breast. Mammography scan

Question 40

bowel cancer

Answer 40

in the colon or rectum in the large intestine. laboratory analysis of faeces for blood as most bowel cancers develop from polyps (polyps can bleed when they have been irritated)

Question 41

prostate cancer

Answer 41

found in the prostate gland. biopsy is performed on tissue taken from the prostate gland when blood test (shows presence of a particular protein that is produced by prostate cancer) or physical examination (doctor feels prostate gland through the anus for any irregularities) shows the possibility of prostate cancer