Chapter 2 – Cells Vocabulary Flashcards
(120 cards)
0
Q
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A
The major source of energy for all chemical reactions of the body
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Q
Active transport
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A method used to move compounds across a cell membrane to create or maintain an imbalance of charges, usually against a concentration gradient and requiring the expenditure of energy
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Adipose (fat) tissue
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A type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of fat
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Q
Antecubital fossa
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The anterior surface of the bend of the Elbow
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Q
Anterior triangle
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The area of the neck that is bordered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the anterior midline of the neck, and the inferior border of the mandible
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Appendicular region
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A division of the skeletal system that includes the extremities and their attachments to the body
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Axial region
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A division of the skeletal system that includes the head, neck, and trunk
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Axilla
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The armpit
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Axons
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Components of the nerves that conduct impulses to adjacent cells
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Q
Basement membrane
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The noncellular layer in an epithelial cell the anchors the overlying epithelial tissue
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Body cavities
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Hollow areas within the body that contain organs and organ systems
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Cardiac muscle tissue
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Striated involuntary muscle that has the capacity to generate and conduct electrical impulses
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Q
Carotid triangle
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Area of the anterior triangle of the neck that contains the carotid artery and internal jugular vein
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Cell membrane
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The cell wall; a selectively permeable layer of cells that surrounds intracellular content and controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
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Cells
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The basic building blocks of life, made up of protoplasm (cytoplasm); specialized for particular functions
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Centrioles
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Organelles that are essential in cell division
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Columnar epithelium
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Rolls of tall, thin epithelial cells
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Chromosomes
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Structures containing DNA within the cells nucleus; human cells containing 23 pairs
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Cilia
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The hair like microtubule projecting on the surface of a cell that can move materials over the cell surface
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Concentration gradient
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The natural tendency for substance to flow from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, within or outside the cell
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Cranial cavity
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The hollow portion of the skull
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Crenation
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Shrinkage of a cell that result when to much water leaves the cell through osmosis
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Cuboidal epithelium
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Rows of square shaped epithelial cells
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Cytoplasm
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The gel like material inside a cell. It makes up most of the cells volume, and suspends the cells organelles; also called protoplasm
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Cytosol
The clear liquid portion of the cytoplasm
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Dendrites
Components of the neuron that receives impulses from the axon and contain vesicles for release of neurotransmitters
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Deoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA)
The genetic material found on the chromosomes in the cells nucleus
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diffusion
A process where molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Dysrhythmias
Disturbances in cardiac rhythm
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Electrolytes
Salt or acid is substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a solvent (water); chemicals dissolved in the blood
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Electrons
negatively charged particles that revolve around the nucleus of an atom
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Endocytosis
The uptake of material through the cell membrane by a membrane-bound droplet or vesicle formed within the cells protoplasm
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Endoplasmic reticulum
A series of membranes in which proteins and fats are manufactured
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Exocytosis
The release of secretions from cells that have been accumulated in vesicles
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Extracellular
Substances located outside of the cell membrane
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Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Fluid outside of the cell, in which most of the bodies supply of sodium is contained
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Facilitated diffusion
The process whereby a carrier molecule move substances in or out of the cell from areas of high or too low or concentration
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Flagella
Tail-like microtubule structures capable of motion to propel the cell
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Fontanelles
Areas in the infants skull where the sutures between the skull bones have not yet closed
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Girdles
Bony structures that attach the limbs to the body (hip and shoulder)
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Golgi apparatus
A set of membranes in the protoplasm involved in the formation of sugars and complex proteins
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Hemothorax
An abnormal cumulation of bloody fluid within the plural space following trauma
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Hyperkalemia
A excessive amount of potassium in the blood
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Hypernatremia
A serum sodium level of greater then 145 mEq/L
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Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC)
A diabetic emergency that occurs from a relative insulin deficiency, resulting in hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and an absence of significant ketosis
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Hypoglycemia
Abnormally low blood glucose levels
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Hypokalemia
A low concentration of potassium in the blood
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Hyponatremia
A serum sodium level that is less then 135 mEq/L
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Hypoxia
A dangerous condition in which the supply of oxygen to the tissues is reduced
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integument
Skin, the covering of the body surface
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Intracellular
Substances, such as organelles, that are found inside the cell membrane
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Ion channels
Proteins – lined pours or transport channels, specifically size for each substance, which allow electrolyte movement among the cell
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Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Fluid within cells in which most of the bodies supply of potassium is contained
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lysis
The process of disintegration or breakdown of cells that occur when excess water enters the cell through osmosis
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Lysosomes
Membrane – bound vesicles that contain a variety of enzymes functioning as a cells digestive system
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Mediastinum
The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus , and large blood vessels
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meiosis
A specialized form of cell division that results in the production of mature sperm and ova
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Microtubules
Hollow filamentous structures that make up various components of the cell
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Mitochondria
Small, rod like organelles that function as metabolic center of the cell and produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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Mitosis
The division of chromosomes in a cell nucleus
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Nervous tissue
Neurons and neuroglia
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Neuroglia
Collectively, the name for the collective and supporting tissues of the nervous tissue
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Neurons
The main functional unit of the nervous system
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Neutrons
Uncharged or "neutral" particles in the nucleus of an atom
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Nonstriated
Smooth muscle tissue
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Nuclear envelope
The membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell
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Nucleoli
Rounded, dense structures in the protoplasm that contain RNA and synthesize proteins
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Nucleus
The nerve center, a central body, of the cell, embedded within the protoplasm
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Organ system
A group of organs that have a common purpose, such as the skeleton and muscles
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Organelles
The internal structures within the cells that carry out specific functions for the cell
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Organism
An individual living thing; made up of various organ systems
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Organs
Different types of tissues working together to perform a particular function
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Osmosis
The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane.
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Osmotic pressure
The measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrane
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Parietal portion
The portion of the service membrane that lines the walls of the trunk cavities
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Pericardial cavity
The region around the heart
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Pericardial effusion
An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac
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Pericardial Tamponade
A condition that occurs as fluid accumulates around the heart, which restricts the hearts stroke volume
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Pericardial sac
The lubricated potential space between the layers of the pericardium
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Pericardium
The service membrane that surrounds the heart
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Peripheral nerves
The nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body by exiting between the vertebrae of the spine
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Peritonitis
Inflammation of the Peritoneum, the protective membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavity
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Phagocytosis
The process in which one cell eats or engulfs a foreign substance to destroy it
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Pinocytosis
A process by which cells ingest the extracellular fluid and its content
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Pleura
The serous membrane covering the lungs and lining of the thoracic cavity
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Pleural space
The potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura
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Pleural fluid
The small amount of lubricating fluid that fills the pleural space
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Pneumothorax
An abnormal accumulation of air within the pleural space
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Popliteal fossa
The space behind the knee
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Posterior triangle
The area of the neck containing the lymph nodes, brachial plexus, spinal accessory nerve, and a portion of the subclavian artery
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Protons
Single, positively charged particles inside the nucleus of an atom
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Protoplasm
A viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures and provides a medium for intracellular transport; also called cytoplasm
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Pseudostratified epithelium
A single layer of epithelial cells of varying heights, all of which attached to the basement membrane, but all do not reach the free surface
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Remodeling
The ongoing process of cell renewal or some cells actively dividing during life and others die and are replaced by new cells
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Retroperitoneal organs
The organs (kidneys, pancreas, and duodenum) and major blood vessels located in the retroperitoneal space
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
A nucleic acid associated with controlling cellular activities
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Ribosomes
Organelles that contain RNA and proteins
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Selective permeability
The ability of the cell membrane to selectively allow compounds into the cell based on the cells current needs
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Semipermeable
The property of the cell membrane that describes the ability to allow certain elements to pass through while not allowing others to do so
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Serous membrane
Membrane that lines body cavities that line openings to the outside
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Serum osmolality
The number of osmotically active particles in serum
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Sex cells
Germ (reproductive) cells; in males they are known as sperm and and females they are known as Oocytes (eggs)
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Simple epithelium
A single layer of cells, all of which are in contact with the basement membrane of the epithelial cell
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Skeletal muscle tissue
Voluntary muscle tissue attached to bone and composed of long threadlike cells that have light and dark striations
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Skull
The protective vault that houses the brain and is composed of the cranium and facial bones
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Sodium potassium exchange pump
A mechanism that uses active transport to move sodium out of the cells and potassium into the cells
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Solutes
Dissolved particles, such as salts, contained in the solvent
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Somatic cells
All of the other cells in the human body besides the sex cells
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Spinal cavity
The spinal column or vertebral canal, housing the spinal cord
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Spindle fibers
Microtubules radiating from the centrioles
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Squamous epithelium
Flat sheets of epithelial tissue
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Stratified epithelium
More than one layer of cells, only one of which is in contact with the basement membrane of the epithelial cell
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striated
Muscle tissue that has microscopic bands and may be either voluntary, such as leg muscles, or involuntary, such as cardiac muscle
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Tachycardia
A rapid pulse rate
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Tachypnea
A rapid respiratory rate
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Tissues
Groups of similar cells that work together
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Transitional epithelium
Tissue that changes in appearance due to tension; it lines the urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra
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Umbilicus
The navel
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Vertebral column
The spine or primary support structure of the body that houses the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves
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Visceral portion
The portion of the serous membrane that covers the outside of an internal organ
