Chapter 3 - The Skeletal System Vocabulary Flashcards
(181 cards)
0
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Acromioclavicular (AC) joint
A
The point at which the clavicle attaches to the acromion process
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Acetabulum
A
The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, articulates with the femoral head
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Acromioclavicular (AC) separation
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In injury caused by distraction of the clavicle away from the acromion process of the scapula
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Acromion process
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The tip of the shoulder in the sight of attachment for both the clavicle and shoulder musculature
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alveolar arch
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The ridges between the teeth, which are covered with thick and connected tissue and epithelium; also called alveolar ridge is
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anulus fibrosus
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a ring of fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue that is part of the intervertebral disc
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appendicular skeleton
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The portion of the skeletal system that compromises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
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Appositional growth
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The formation of new bone on the surface of a bone
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Atlas
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The first cervical vertebra (C1), which provides support for the head
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Axial skeleton
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The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage
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Axis
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The second cervical vertebra, the point that allows the head to turn
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Battle sign
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Bruising over the mastoid process, usually from a Basilar skull fracture
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Bone marrow
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Specialized tissue found within bone that manufactures most erythrocytes
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Bruxism
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Grinding together of the upper and lower teeth
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Bulging disk
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A ballooning of an intervertebral disk without Frank herniation
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Bursae
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Small fluid filled sac located between a tendon and a bone help lubricate two surfaces that are rubbing against each other
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calcaneus
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The heel bone
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Callus
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The zone of repair in which a mess of exudates and connective tissue forms around a break in a bone and convert to bone during healing
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Cancellous bone
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Bone that is made up of a lacy network of bony rods called trabeculae
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Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
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Compression of the median nerve within the carpal canal at the wrist
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Carpals
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The bones of the wrist; they include the scaphoid, lunate, triqutrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones
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Cartilage
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The support structure of the skeletal system that provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portion of the outer ear
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Central disk herniation
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The most serious disk rupture that occurs when nuclear material protrudes straight back into the spinal canal, potentially compressing neurologic elements and causing neurologic injury
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows into the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
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Cervical vertebrae
The seven smallest vertebrae, found in the neck
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Chondroblasts
Cells that produce cartilage
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Clavicle
The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
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Closed fracture
A fracture in which the bone ends have not been exposed by a breakthrough of the skin
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Coccyx
The tailbone
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Compact bone
Bone that is mostly solid, with few spaces
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Compression fracture
A fracture of the vertebral body associated with collapse of the body
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Coronal suture
The point where the parietal bones join together with the frontal bone
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Costochondritis
Inflammation of the Costal cartilage, which attaches to the ribs to the sternum
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Cranium
The bones that encase and Protect the brain, including the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bone
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Crepitus
A grinding sound or sensation
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Cribriform plates
Horizontal bones perforated with numerous foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity
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Crista galli
A prominent bony ridge in the center of the anterior fossa to which the meninges are attached
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degenerative disc disease
A progressive form of arthritis that causes deterioration of the intervertebral disk
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diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone
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Displaced fracture
A fracture in which bone fragments are separated from one another and are not in anatomic alignment
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Dwarfism
A state of abnormally small bones
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Endochondral growth
The growth of cartilage in the physis (epiphyseal plate) which is eventually replaced by bone
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Endostreum
A layer that lines the inner surfaces of bone
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epicondylitis
An inflammation of the muscles of the elbow joint; more commonly known as tennis elbow
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Epiphyses
The growth plate of a long bone
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Ethmoid bone
The main supporting structure of the nasal cavity; it also forms part of the eye orbits
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External acoustic meatus
An opening in the temporal bone that contains the ear canal
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Facial skeleton
The maxillae, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, Vomer, inferior nasal Conchae, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, and mandible
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Femur
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
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Fibroblasts
Cells that secrete proteins and collagen to form connective tissue between broken bones ends and at other sites of injury throughout the body
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Fibula
The long bone on the lateral aspect of the lower leg
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Flat bones
Types of bones that are relatively thin and flattened
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Foramen Magnum
The large opening at the bottom of the skull through which the brain connects with the spinal cord
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Foramina
Small openings, perforations, or orifices in the bones of the cranial vault
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Fracture
A break in the continuing continuity of a bone
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Frontal bone
The bone that forms the forehead and part of the roof of the nasal cavity
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Gigantism
A state of bony overgrowth
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Girdles
The bony belts that attach the extremities the axial skeleton
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Glenoid fossa
The part of the scapula that forms the socket in the ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder
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Haversian systems
Units of compact bone consisting of a tube (Haversian canal) with laminae of bone that surrounds them
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Herniated disc
A tear in the anulus fibrosus the results in leakage of the nucleus pulposus, most commonly against exiting nerve roots
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Humerus
The supporting bone of the upper arm
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Hydroxyapatite
A mineral compound containing calcium and phosphate that, along with collagen, comprises the structural element of bone
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Hyoid Bone
The bone that supports the tongue and its muscle
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Ilium
One of the three bones the fuse to form the pelvic ring
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Inferior nasal conchae
Scroll shaped bone attached to the lateral nasal cavity walls that support the mucous membranes
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Intervertebral disk
A mass of fibrocartilage between each vertebral body of the spine, composed of the anulus fibrosus and the nucleus pulposus
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Intervertebral foramina
The opening between each vertebra through which the spinal (peripheral) nerves pass from the spinal cord
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Ischium
One of the three bones the fuse to form the pelvic ring
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joint
The point where two or more bones come together allowing movement to occur
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Kyphosis
Outward curve of the thoracic spine
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Lacrimal bones
Bones that make up part of eye orbits and contain the tear sac
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Lambdoid suture
The point where the occipital bone attached to the parietal bones
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Lamellae
Thin sheets or layers into which bone tissue is organized
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Lateral malleolus
An enlargement of the distal end of the fibula, which forms the lateral wall of the ankle joint
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Ligaments
Band of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones; they support and strengthen a joint
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Long bones
Type of bone that is longer than it is wide
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Lordosis
Inward curve of the lumbar spine just above the buttocks; an exaggerated form of lordosis results in the condition on its swayback
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Lower limbs
The femur, TIbias, fibulas, Patellae, tarsal, metatarsals, and phalanges
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Lumbar vertebrae
The five vertebrae of the lower back
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Mandible
The bone of the lower jaw; the only movable bone in the face
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Mastoid process
A prominent bony mass at the base of the skull behind the ear
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Maxillae
The bones that make up the upper jaw
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Medial malleolus
The distal end of the tibia, which forms the medial side of the ankle joint
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Medullary cavity
The internal cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone that contains a bone marrow
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Meninges
The three layers of membrane, the Dura, mater arachnoid, and pia matter, the surrounds the brain
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Menisci
Shock-absorbing fibrocartilage pads within some synovial joints
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Metacarpals
The bones of the palms of the hands
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Metaphysis
The area of a long bone where the diaphysis and epiphysis converge; where the physis (epiphyseal plate) is located
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Intervertebral foramina
The opening between each vertebra through which the spinal (peripheral) nerves pass from the spinal cord
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Ischium
One of the three bones the fuse to form the pelvic ring
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joint
The point where two or more bones come together allowing movement to occur
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Kyphosis
Outward curve of the thoracic spine
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Lacrimal bones
Bones that make up part of eye orbits and contain the tear sac
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Lambdoid suture
The point where the occipital bone attached to the parietal bones
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Lamellae
Thin sheets or layers into which bone tissue is organized
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Lateral malleolus
An enlargement of the distal end of the fibula, which forms the lateral wall of the ankle joint
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Ligaments
Band of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones; they support and strengthen a joint
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Long bones
Type of bone that is longer than it is wide
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Lordosis
Inward curve of the lumbar spine just above the buttocks; an exaggerated form of lordosis results in the condition on its swayback
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Lower limbs
The femur, TIbias, fibulas, Patellae, tarsal, metatarsals, and phalanges
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Lumbar vertebrae
The five vertebrae of the lower back
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Mandible
The bone of the lower jaw; the only movable bone in the face
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Mastoid process
A prominent bony mass at the base of the skull behind the ear
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Maxillae
The bones that make up the upper jaw
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Medial malleolus
The distal end of the tibia, which forms the medial side of the ankle joint
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Medullary cavity
The internal cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone that contains a bone marrow
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Meninges
The three layers of membrane, the Dura, mater arachnoid, and pia matter, the surrounds the brain
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Menisci
Shock-absorbing fibrocartilage pads within some synovial joints
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Metacarpals
The bones of the palms of the hands
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Metaphysis
The area of a long bone where the diaphysis and epiphysis converge; where the physis (epiphyseal plate) is located
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Metatarsals
The bones on the soles of the feet; they from the foot arches
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Nasal bones
the thin, delicate bones that joined to form the bridge of the nose
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Nasal cavity
The chamber inside the nose that lies between the floor of the cranium in the roof of the mouth
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Nasal septum
The rigid partitions composed of bone and cartilage that separates the right and left nostrils
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Nondisplaced fracture
A fractured bone that has not moved from its normal position
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Nucleus pulposus
The gelatinous mass that makes up the center of each intervertebral disk
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Oblique fracture
A fracture the forms an angle to the shaft of the bone
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Occipital bone
The bone that forms the back and base of the cranium
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Occipital condyles
Articular surface on the occipital bone where the skull articulates with the atlas on the vertebral column
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Open fracture
A fracture in which a bone end has penetrated the skin; also called a compound fracture
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Orbits
Bony cavities in the frontal skull that enclose and protect the eyes
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Ossicles
The three small bones in the middle ear: the malleus, incus, and stapes
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ossification
The formation of bone by osteoblast
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Osteoblast
Bone forming cells
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Osteoclasts
Large, multinucleated cells that dissolve bone tissue and play a major role in bone remodeling
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Osteocytes
An osteoblast that becomes surrounded by bony matrix; a mature bone cell
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Osteogenesis imperfecta
A genetic bone disease that results in fragile bones
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Osteomalacia
An abnormal softening of bones because of the loss of calcium
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Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone and muscle caused by infection
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Osteons
Units within a compact bone in which blood vessels are located; also called the Haversian system
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osteoporosis
A reduction in the quantity of bony tissue
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Palatine bones
Irregularly shaped bones found in the posterior part of the nasal cavity
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Paranasal sinus
The sinuses, or hollowed sections of bone in the front of the head, that are lined with mucous membrane and drain into the nasal cavity; the frontal and maxillary sinus
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Parietal bones
Bones that form the upper sides and roof of the cranium
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Patella
The kneecap
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Pectoral girdle
The scapulae and clavicles
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pedicles
The feet of each vertebra in the vertebral arch
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Pelvic girdle
the hip bone
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Pelvis
The attachment of the lower extremities to the body, consisting of the sacrum and two pelvic bones
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Periosteum
A double layer of connective tissue that lines the outer surface of the bone
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Phalanges
The small bones of the digits of the fingers and toes
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Physis
The major site of bone elongation, located at each end of a long bone between the epiphysis and metaphysis; also called the growth plate
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Pituitary gland
An endocrine gland, located in the sella tunica of the brain, responsible for directly or indirectly of affecting all bodily functions
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Plantar fasciitis
An irritation of the tough bands of connective tissue extending from the calcaneus to the metatarsal head of each toe
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Pubic arch
An angle formed by the anterior portion of the hip bone (pubis)
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Pubis
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
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Radius
The shorter, lateral bone of the forearm
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Ribs
The 12 pairs of bones that primarily make up the thoracic cage, connecting posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
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Rickets
A disease caused by vitamin D deficiency
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sacrum
One of the three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
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Saddle joint
To saddle shape articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other so that complementary surfaces articulate with each other, such as is the case with the thumb
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Sagittal suture
The point of the skull where the parietal bones join together
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Scapula
The triangular shaped bone that comprises the shoulder blade, which is an integral component of the shoulder girdle
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Scoliosis
Sideways curvature of the spine
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Sells turcica
Depression in the middle of the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
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Short bones
Types of bone that are as broad as they are long
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Shoulder joint
A ball and socket joint consisting of the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa
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Sinusitis
Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses
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Skull
The structure at the top of the axial skeleton that houses the brain and consist of the 28 bones that comprise auditory ossicles, the cranium, and the face
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Sphenoid bone
The anterior portion of the base of the cranium
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Sutures
Attachment points in the skull where the cranial bones join together
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Synovial fluid
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
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Talus
A bone that articulates with the tibia, calcaneus, and navicular bone to form the lower part of the ankle joint
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Tarsals
The bones of the ankles; they include the medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, navicular, cuboid, talus, and calcaneus
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Temporal bone
Bones that form the lower side and base of the cranium
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Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
The joint between the temporal bone in the posterior condyle of the mandible that allows for movement of the jaw
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Tendons
Fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
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Thoracic cage
The ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and sternum
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Thoracic vertebrae
The 12 vertebrae located in the center of the vertebral column that (mostly) connect with the ribs
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Tibia
The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg
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Tinnitus
The perception of sound in the inner ear with no external environmental cause; often reported as ringing in the ears, but may be roaring, buzzing, or clicking
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Trabeculae
Bony rods that make up a lacy network of cancellous bones and are oriented to increase weight-bearing capacity of long bones
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Trismus
Involuntary contraction of the mouth resulting in clenched teeth; occurs during seizures and head injuries
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Ulna
The longer, medial bone of the form
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Upper limbs
The humerus bone, radius bones, ulna bones, carpal, metacarpals, and phalanges
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Vertebral arch
The posterior portion of the vertebra, which contains the bony processes, facets, and pedicles
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Vertebral column
The spine, or primary support structure of the body, which houses the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves
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Vertebra Foramen
A hole through which spinal nerve pass from the spinal cord
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Vomer bone
The flap bone making up the lower posterior nasal septum
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Zygomatic bone
Also known as the malar bones; they form the prominence of each cheek
