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Educational Psychology > Chapter 2 Cognitive Development > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Cognitive Development Flashcards

1
Q

Students should be taught in the magic middle or the place of the “match” where they are neither bored or frustrated

A

Magic Middle

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2
Q

Nerve cells that store and transfer information

A

Neurons

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3
Q

The tiny space between neurons-chemical messages are sent across these gaps

A

Synapses

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4
Q

Fitting new information into existing schemes

A

Assimilation

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5
Q

Mental systems of categories or perception and experiences

A

Schemes

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6
Q

The “out of balance” state that occurs when a person realizes their current ways of thinking are not working to solve a problem

A

Disequilibrium

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7
Q

Altering existing schemes or creating new ones in response to new information

A

Accommodation

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8
Q

Search for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment

A

Equilibration

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9
Q

Piaget’s First Stage of Cognitive Development

A

Sensorimotor
0-2 years
Learns through reflexes, senses, and movement

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10
Q

Piaget’s Second Stage of Cognitive Development

A

Perioperational
2-7 years old
Develops language and begins to use symbols to represent objects

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11
Q

Piaget’s Third Stage of Cognitive Development

A

Concrete Operational
1st grade to 11 years
Can think logically, Organizes things into categories, reverse thinking

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12
Q

Piaget’s Fourth Stage of Cognitive Development

A

Formal Operational
Adolescence to Adulthood
Can think hypothectically, thinking becomes more scientific, can consider multiple perspectives

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13
Q

Principle that a person or object remains the same over time

A

Identity

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14
Q

Assuming that others experience the world the way you do

A

Egocentric

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15
Q

A child’s cultural development first appears between people

A

Interpsychological

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16
Q

Sociocultural Theory: A child’s cultural development second appears inside the child

A

Intrapsychological

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17
Q

Processes we use to organize, focus attention, inhibit impulse, make plans, and use memory to manipulate information

A

Executive Functioning

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18
Q

Vygotsky: Real tools that help people communicate and solve problems: Computers, mobile devices, internet, and calendars

A

Cultural Tools

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19
Q

Vygotsky: Signs and symbols that help people communicate, solve problems, and gain knowledge: Numbers, Language, Graphs

A

Psychological Tools

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20
Q

Vygotsky: Speech in which children in a group talk but do not really interact or communicate

A

Collective Monologue

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21
Q

Vygotksy: Children’s self-talk which guides their thinking action

A

Private Speech

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22
Q

Vygotsky: Support for learning and problem solving: clues, reminders, and encouragement

A

Scaffolding

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23
Q

Vygotsky: Phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support

A

Zone of Proximal Learning

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24
Q

Orderly, adaptive changes we go through between conception and death

A

Development

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25
Q

Like walking up a ramp to go higher and higher; progress is steady is an example of what type of development

A

Continuous or quantitative

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26
Q

Like walking up stairs; there are level periods, and then you ascend the next step all at once is an example of what type of development

A

Discontinuous or qualitative

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27
Q

Changes in body structure and function over time

A

Physical Development

28
Q

Changes in personality that take place as one grows

A

Personal Development

29
Q

Changes over time in the ways we relate to others

A

Social Development

30
Q

Gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated

A

Cognitive Development

31
Q

Genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time

A

Maturation

32
Q

Joint actions of individual biology and the environment-each shapes and influences the other

A

Coactions

33
Q

A technique that uses X-ray technology to provide enhanced, 3-dimensional images of the part of the body scanned

A

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

34
Q

A method of localizing and measuring brain activity using computer-assisted motion pictures of the brain

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

35
Q

A technique that measures electrical patterns in the brain created by neuron movements using electrodes attached to the scalp

A

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

36
Q

Measurements that assess electrical activity of the brain through the skull or scalp

A

Event-related potential (ERP)

37
Q

An MRI is an imaging technique that uses a magnetic field along with radio waves and a computer to create detailed pictures of the inside of the body.

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

38
Q

A technique that uses an optical fiber to transmit near-infrared light through the scalp and into the brain

A

Near-infrared optical tomography (NIR-OT)

39
Q

The production of new neurons

A

Neurogenesis

40
Q

These transmit information out to the muscles, glands, or other neurons

A

Axons

41
Q

These receive information and transmit it to the neuron cell themselves

A

Dendrites

42
Q

The white matter of the brain

A

Glial cells

43
Q

The process by which neural fibers are coated with a fatty sheath that makes messages transfer more efficiently

A

Myelination

44
Q

The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain cortex

A

Lateralization

45
Q

Adjustment to the environment

A

Adaptation

46
Q

The understanding that objects have a separate, permanent existence

A

Object permanence

47
Q

Deliberate actions toward a goal

A

Goal-directed actions

48
Q

Actions a person carries out by thinking them through instead of literally performing the actions

A

Operations

49
Q

Focusing on more than one aspect at a time

A

Decentering

50
Q

Principle that some characteristics of an object remain the same despite changes in appearance

A

Conservation

51
Q

Mental tasks tied to concrete objects and situations

A

Concrete operations

52
Q

A characteristic of Piagetian logical operations the ability to think through a series of steps, then mentally reverse the steps and return to the starting point

A

Reversibility

53
Q

Grouping objects into categories

A

Classification

54
Q

Mental tasks involving abstract thinking and coordination of a number of variables

A

Formal Operations

55
Q

More recent theories that integrate findings about attention, memory, and strategy use with Piaget’s insights about children’s thinking and the construction of knowledge

A

Neo-Piagetian theories

56
Q

Emphasizes role in development of cooperative dialogues between children and more knowledgeable members of society

A

Sociocultrual Theory

57
Q

A social process in which people interact and negotiate (usually verbally) to create an understanding or to solve a problem

A

Co-constructed process

58
Q

Providing strategic help in the initial stages of learning, gradually diminishing as students gain independence

A

Assisted learning

59
Q
A
60
Q

Major function of the cerebrum

A

control the voluntary muscular movements of the body

61
Q

Major functions of the frontal lobe

A

Responsible for flexible and adaptive behavior, and for highly developed social skills in humans

62
Q

Major functions of the parietal lobe

A

receiving and processing sensory input such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain

63
Q

Major functions of the occipital lobe

A

Visual processing area; distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation

64
Q

Major functions of the cerebellum

A

Controls balance for walking and standing and other complex motor functions

65
Q
A

Educational Psychology (13 decks)

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