Chapter 2 Cognitive Development Flashcards by Heather Bankhead

Students should be taught in the magic middle or the place of the “match” where they are neither bored or frustrated

Magic Middle

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Nerve cells that store and transfer information

Neurons

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The tiny space between neurons-chemical messages are sent across these gaps

Synapses

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Fitting new information into existing schemes

Assimilation

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Mental systems of categories or perception and experiences

Schemes

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The “out of balance” state that occurs when a person realizes their current ways of thinking are not working to solve a problem

Disequilibrium

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Altering existing schemes or creating new ones in response to new information

Accommodation

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Search for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment

Equilibration

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Piaget’s First Stage of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor
0-2 years
Learns through reflexes, senses, and movement

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Piaget’s Second Stage of Cognitive Development

Perioperational
2-7 years old
Develops language and begins to use symbols to represent objects

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Piaget’s Third Stage of Cognitive Development

Concrete Operational
1st grade to 11 years
Can think logically, Organizes things into categories, reverse thinking

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Piaget’s Fourth Stage of Cognitive Development

Formal Operational
Adolescence to Adulthood
Can think hypothectically, thinking becomes more scientific, can consider multiple perspectives

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Principle that a person or object remains the same over time

Identity

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Assuming that others experience the world the way you do

Egocentric

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A child’s cultural development first appears between people

Interpsychological

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Sociocultural Theory: A child’s cultural development second appears inside the child

Intrapsychological

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Processes we use to organize, focus attention, inhibit impulse, make plans, and use memory to manipulate information

Executive Functioning

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Vygotsky: Real tools that help people communicate and solve problems: Computers, mobile devices, internet, and calendars

Cultural Tools

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Vygotsky: Signs and symbols that help people communicate, solve problems, and gain knowledge: Numbers, Language, Graphs

Psychological Tools

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Vygotsky: Speech in which children in a group talk but do not really interact or communicate

Collective Monologue

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Vygotksy: Children’s self-talk which guides their thinking action

Private Speech

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Vygotsky: Support for learning and problem solving: clues, reminders, and encouragement

Scaffolding

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Vygotsky: Phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support

Zone of Proximal Learning

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Orderly, adaptive changes we go through between conception and death

Development

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Like walking up a ramp to go higher and higher; progress is steady is an example of what type of development

Continuous or quantitative

Like walking up stairs; there are level periods, and then you ascend the next step all at once is an example of what type of development

Discontinuous or qualitative

Changes in body structure and function over time

Physical Development

Changes in personality that take place as one grows

Personal Development

Changes over time in the ways we relate to others

Social Development

Gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated

Cognitive Development

Genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time

Maturation

Joint actions of individual biology and the environment-each shapes and influences the other

Coactions

A technique that uses X-ray technology to provide enhanced, 3-dimensional images of the part of the body scanned

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

A method of localizing and measuring brain activity using computer-assisted motion pictures of the brain

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A technique that measures electrical patterns in the brain created by neuron movements using electrodes attached to the scalp

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Measurements that assess electrical activity of the brain through the skull or scalp

Event-related potential (ERP)

An MRI is an imaging technique that uses a magnetic field along with radio waves and a computer to create detailed pictures of the inside of the body.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A technique that uses an optical fiber to transmit near-infrared light through the scalp and into the brain

Near-infrared optical tomography (NIR-OT)

The production of new neurons

Neurogenesis

These transmit information out to the muscles, glands, or other neurons

Axons

These receive information and transmit it to the neuron cell themselves

Dendrites

The white matter of the brain

Glial cells

The process by which neural fibers are coated with a fatty sheath that makes messages transfer more efficiently

Myelination

The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain cortex

Lateralization

Adjustment to the environment

Adaptation

The understanding that objects have a separate, permanent existence

Object permanence

Deliberate actions toward a goal

Goal-directed actions

Actions a person carries out by thinking them through instead of literally performing the actions

Operations

Focusing on more than one aspect at a time

Decentering

Principle that some characteristics of an object remain the same despite changes in appearance

Conservation

Mental tasks tied to concrete objects and situations

Concrete operations

A characteristic of Piagetian logical operations the ability to think through a series of steps, then mentally reverse the steps and return to the starting point

Reversibility

Grouping objects into categories

Classification

Mental tasks involving abstract thinking and coordination of a number of variables

Formal Operations

More recent theories that integrate findings about attention, memory, and strategy use with Piaget's insights about children's thinking and the construction of knowledge

Neo-Piagetian theories

Emphasizes role in development of cooperative dialogues between children and more knowledgeable members of society

Sociocultrual Theory

A social process in which people interact and negotiate (usually verbally) to create an understanding or to solve a problem

Co-constructed process

Providing strategic help in the initial stages of learning, gradually diminishing as students gain independence

Assisted learning

Major function of the cerebrum

control the voluntary muscular movements of the body

Major functions of the frontal lobe

Responsible for flexible and adaptive behavior, and for highly developed social skills in humans

Major functions of the parietal lobe

receiving and processing sensory input such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain

Major functions of the occipital lobe

Visual processing area; distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation

Major functions of the cerebellum

Controls balance for walking and standing and other complex motor functions