Chapter 2: Society

Question 1

Science

Answer 1

A logical system that based knowledge on direct systematic observations

Question 2

Empirical evidence

Answer 2

Information we can verify with our senses

Question 3

Scientific sociology

Answer 3

Study of society based on systematic observation of social behaviour

Question 4

Concept

Answer 4

A mental construct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form

Question 5

Variable

Answer 5

Concept whose value changes from case to case

Question 6

Measurement

Answer 6

Finding a variable in a specific case

Question 7

Reliability

Answer 7

Consistency in measurement

Question 8

Validity

Answer 8

Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure

Question 9

Cause and effect

Answer 9

Change in one variable causes change in another

Question 10

Independent variable

Answer 10

The variable that causes the change

Question 11

Dependent variable

Answer 11

The variable that changes

Question 12

Correlation

Answer 12

A relationship in which two or more variable change

Question 13

Spurious correlation

Answer 13

An apparent but false reading

Question 14

Control

Answer 14

Holding constant all variables except one in order to see clearly the effect of that variable

Question 15

Objectivity

Answer 15

Personal neutrality in conducting research

Question 16

Replication

Answer 16

Repetition of research by other investigators

Question 17

Interpretive sociology

Answer 17

Study of society that focussed on the meaning of people attach to their social world

Question 18

Critical sociology

Answer 18

The study on society focusing on the need for social change

Question 19

Culture

Answer 19

The ways of thinking, acting, and the material objects that together form a people way of life

Question 20

Non material culture

Answer 20

Our values, beliefs, ideas of love

Question 21

Material culture

Answer 21

Physical things we create

Question 22

Culture shock

Answer 22

Moving to a new place

Question 23

Basic elements of culture

Answer 23

Symbols, language, values, norms

Question 24

Symbols

Answer 24

Anything that carries a particular meaning (hand gesture, emojis)

Question 25

Language

Answer 25

Pass on culture from one generation to the next

Question 26

Sapir Whorf hypothesis

Answer 26

Cultural lens of language

Question 27

Values

Answer 27

Guide what we think about the world, and shape who we are (influences by family, school, religion)

Question 28

Norms

Answer 28

Generally accepted ways of doing things

Question 29

Prescriptive norms

Answer 29

What we should do

Question 30

Proscriptive norms

Answer 30

What we shouldn’t do

Question 31

Mores

Answer 31

Cultural rules (morally wrong)

Question 32

Folkways

Answer 32

Expectations for how we act

Question 33

Social control

Answer 33

Attempts by others to regulate people’s thoughts and behaviours

Question 34

Systems of social control rewards

Answer 34

Power, status, money, praise

Question 35

Multiculturalism

Answer 35

Social policy designed to encourage ethic or cultural heterogeneity

Question 36

Cultural relativism

Answer 36

A notion that culture, including norms and values must be understood from within contexts of a persons own culture

Question 37

Ethnocentrism

Answer 37

Belief your culture is better than others

Question 38

Counterculture

Answer 38

Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society (hippies)

Question 39

Subcultures

Answer 39

Have distinctive beliefs, norms, and values; ways of dressing

Question 40

Structural functualism in culture

Answer 40

Concerned with how parts of society works together to maintain stability in our social world