Chapter 21

Question 1

what are the four basic process of the digestive system

Answer 1

digestion, absorption, motility, and secretion

Question 2

what are the two types of secretion

Answer 2

1. transfer of H2O and ions from ECF to lumen
2. release of substances synthesized by GI cells

Question 3

digestion

Answer 3

chemical and mechanical breakdown

Question 4

absorption

what type of transfer?

Answer 4

active AND passive transfer of substance from lumen into GI tract

Question 5

motility

Answer 5

movement of material in GI tract

Question 6

what is the pathway of the digestive system

Answer 6

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intestine, and rectum

Question 7

how many salivary glands are there? what are there names?

Answer 7

3; parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Question 8

where are the salivary glands located

Answer 8

1. parotid: near the ears
2. submandibular: sit under the jaw
3. sublingual: under the tongue

Question 9

what does each salivary gland secrete

Answer 9

1. parotid: serous fluid containing amylase
2. submandibular: serous fluid and mucus with a little bit of amylase
3. sublingual: mostly mucus

Question 10

what are the linings of the small intestine

Answer 10

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Question 11

mucosa

Answer 11

internal to lumen, and main site for digestion and absorption

Question 12

submucosa

Answer 12

transports nutrients and provides structural support for the mucosa

Question 13

what are the two parts of the muscularis externa

Answer 13

1. circular muscle: inner layer; squeezes and mixes the contents
2. longitudinal muscle: outer layer; pushes contents forward

Question 14

serosa

Answer 14

protection and support

Question 15

what is added or removed in the lining of the stomach in comparison to the lining of the small intestine

Answer 15

adds an extra layer in the muscularis externa, called the oblique muscle

Question 16

what is the purpose of the oblique muscle

Answer 16

for churning in the stomach

Question 17

what are the three phases of the digestive system

Answer 17

cephalic, gastric, and intestinal

Question 18

cephalic phase

Answer 18

chemical and mechanical digestion begins in mouth

Question 19

gastric phase

Answer 19

storage, digestion (mechanical and chemical), and protection; begins in stomach

Question 20

intestinal phase

Answer 20

regulate the flow of chyme

Question 21

what are the most common cells found in the intestine

Answer 21

goblet cells, Peyer’s Patch, and M cells

Question 22

Goblet cells secrete ______?

Answer 22

mucus for protection and lubrication

Question 23

Peyer’s Patch

Answer 23

clusters of lymphoid tissue that monitor intestinal bacteria and antigens

Question 24

M cells

Answer 24

located above Peyer’s Patches; job is to transport antigens, bacteria and particles to the Peyer’s patches

Question 25

the internal sphincter of the rectum is ______ muscle and ____________

Answer 25

smooth; involuntary

Question 26

the external sphincter of the rectum is composed of ________ muscle and is ___________

Answer 26

skeletal; voluntary

Question 27

cells of the stomach ## Footnote 5

Answer 27

1. parietal 2. ECL cell 3. chief 4. D cell 5. G cell

Question 28

parietal cells secrete

Answer 28

gastric acid(HCl) and intrinsic factor

Question 29

ECL cells secrete

Answer 29

histamine

Question 30

chief cells secrete

Answer 30

pepsin (ogen) and gastric lipase

Question 31

D cells secrete

Answer 31

somatostatin

Question 32

G cells secrete

Answer 32

gastrin

Question 33

gastrin stimulates

Answer 33

gastric acid secretion

Question 34

somatostatin inhibits

Answer 34

gastric acid secretion

Question 35

pepsin(ogen) and gastric lipase digests

Answer 35

proteins and fats

Question 36

bile salts

Answer 36

help in fat digestion

Question 37

livers secretes

Answer 37

bile which is a nonenzymatic solution

Question 38

bile pigment

Answer 38

is the waste of degraded hemoglobin

Question 39

what are the primary target cells for gastrin

Answer 39

parietal cells

Question 40

how is the gastric phase activated

Answer 40

the vagus nerve