Chapter 26

Question 1

which contains more genes, the X or Y chromosome

Answer 1

X

Question 2

what is OX genotype?

Answer 2

Turner Syndrome

Question 3

what is the OY genotype?

Answer 3

the zygote dies

Question 4

what is the XXY genotype?

Answer 4

a male

Question 5

what are the male gonads? what do they they do

Answer 5

testes; produce sperm

Question 6

what are the female gonads? what do they do?

Answer 6

ovaries; produce eggs

Question 7

which protein directs development as a male or female

Answer 7

SRY protein

Question 8

when the SRY protein is present the gonadal medulla develops into what?

Answer 8

testis

Question 9

when the SRY protein is present the gonadal cortex develops into what?

Answer 9

nothing it regresses

Question 10

when SRY is absent what does it lead to?

Answer 10

1.the gonadal cortex develops into ovarian tissue
2. the Mullerian ducts develop into female organs
3. the Wolffian ducts degenerate

Question 11

women are born with a lifetime supply of eggs…true or false

Answer 11

false; women are born with a certain amount of eggs and will eventually run out

Question 12

men manufacture sperm continuously from the time they reach reproductive maturity…true or false

Answer 12

true

Question 13

mitosis

Answer 13

happens in all body cells, produces 2 IDENTICAL daughter cells, 1 division no genetic variation

Question 14

meiosis

Answer 14

makes gametes, 4 non-identical cells, 2 divisions genetic variation introduced

Question 15

what sex hormone is predominate in males

Answer 15

androgen

Question 16

what sex hormone is predominant in females

Answer 16

estrogen and progesterone

Question 17

where is a majority of testosterone secreted from? where is the remaining secreted from

Answer 17

testes(95%) ; adrenal cortex (5%)

Question 18

is aromatase vital for males or females

Answer 18

females, it is vital for production of estrogens in the ovaries

Question 19

development of female internal organs

Answer 19

1. gonadal cortex becomes ovary in the absence of SRY protein
2. absence of testosterone causes Wolffian duct to degenerate
3. absence of AMH allows Mullerian duct to become fallopian tube, uterus, and upper vagina

Question 20

development of male internal organs

Answer 20

1. SRY protein in a male directs medulla to develop into testes
2. AMH from testes causes Mullerian ducts to disappear
3. Testosterone from testis converts Wolffian duct into seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and epididymis

Question 21

Development of female external genitalia

Answer 21

-genital tubercle forms clitoris
-urethral folds and grooves form labia minora, opening of vagina, and urethra
-labioscrotal swelling form labia majora

Question 22

development of male external genitalia

Answer 22

-genital tubercle forms glans penis
-urethral folds and grooves form shaft of penis
-labioscrotal swellings form shaft of penis and scrotum

Question 23

what are the external genitalia of the male reproductive system

Answer 23

penis and scrotum

Question 24

what are the internal genitalia of the male reproductive system

6

Answer 24

testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

Question 25

prostate gland

Answer 25

contributes enzymes, nutrients, buffers, and citric acid to semen

Question 26

testes

Answer 26

produce sperm and testosterone

Question 27

seminal vesicles

Answer 27

contribute fructose, vitamin C, and prostaglandins to semen

Question 28

Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands

Answer 28

mucus and buffers for semen

Question 29

Epididymis

Answer 29

duct from seminiferous tubules to vas deferens where sperm complete their maturation

Question 30

vas deferens

Answer 30

carries sperm from epididymis to urethra

Question 31

which cells in the testes produce testosterone

Answer 31

Leydig cells

Question 32

At birth, a baby is born with female external genitalia but has male internal genitalia. After running a few tests you discover that the levels of 5-alpha reductase are normal. Which of the following statements could describe a condition that might have caused this?

Answer 32

the developing testis produced too little testosterone during development

Question 33

birth control pills containing hormones estrogen and progesterone work by directly preventing

Answer 33

ovulation

Question 34

the role of the corpus luteum is to secrete

Answer 34

progesterone

Question 35

what are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle

Answer 35

follicular, ovulation, luteal

Question 36

3 phases of the uterine cycle

Answer 36

menses, proliferative, and secretory

Question 37

follicular phase

Answer 37

-begins of first day of menstruation -growth of follicles in ovary -high levels of estrogen -FSH levels are more prominent than LH

Question 38

ovulation phase

Answer 38

-marking the release of an egg from its follicle -estrogen levels peak leading to a surge in LH -LH causes rupture of follicle and release of egg -high estrogen levels prepare endometrium for a possible pregnancy -cervical mucus becomes thin to facilitate sperm entry -sets the stage for potential conception

Question 39

luteal phase

Answer 39

-after ovulation, the follicle transforms into the corpus luteum -corpus luteum secretes progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin -main hormone is progesterone -if pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates -crucial for preparing the body for pregnancy

Question 40

menses

Answer 40

-occurs if pregnancy is not achieved -bleeding from uterus and endometrium is shed (3-7 days) -corresponds to the follicular phase in the ovary

Question 41

proliferative phase

Answer 41

-phase when the endometrium grows and thickens -corresponds to the ending of follicular phase

Question 42

secretory phase

Answer 42

-postovulatory phase of the uterus when it develops into a secretory structure -luteal phase of the ovarian cycle corresponds to the secretory phase of the uterine cycle -the endometrium is what transforms to secretory structure

Question 43

positive feedback

Answer 43

a response that amplifies or reinforces the original stimulus

Question 44

negative feedback

Answer 44

a response that counteracts the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis

Question 45

what are the layers of the uterus

Answer 45

perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium

Question 46

which layer of the uterus is the innermost layer

Answer 46

endometrium

Question 47

what does the endometrium secrete

Answer 47

lipids and glycogen

Question 48

hormonal control of follicular phase

Answer 48

-FSH stimulates follicular development -LH stimulates thecal cells to produce androgens

Question 49

what are the cells of the follicle

Answer 49

granulose and thecal cells

Question 50

what enzyme converts androgens to estrogens

Answer 50

aromatase

Question 51

hormonal control of late follicular phase

Answer 51

-secretion of inhibin and progesterone begins -LH surge -meiosis resumes in developing follicle

Question 52

hormonal control of ovulation

Answer 52

-mature follicle secretes collagenase -theca and granulosa cells change into luteal cells

Question 53

hormonal control of early to mid-luteal phase

Answer 53

-corpus luteum develops and secretes progesterone/estrogen -progesterone develops endometrium and thickens cervical mucus

Question 54

hormonal control of late luteal phase if no implantation

Answer 54

-corpus luteum undergoes apoptosis after 12 days -menses -lack of progesterone leads to death of endometrium

Question 55

hormonal control of late luteal phase following implantation

Answer 55

-hcG maintain corpus luteum -corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen

Question 56

granulosa cells produce

Answer 56

estrogen and inhibin

Question 57

thecal cells produce

Answer 57

androgens