Chapter 23

Question 1

the adrenal glands has two parts, what are there names

Answer 1

adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

Question 2

between the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex which one is bigger

Answer 2

adrenal cortex (80-90%)

Question 3

adrenal medulla secretes

Answer 3

epinephrine and norepinephrine; catecholamines

Question 4

adrenal cortex secretes

Answer 4

sex hormones, glucocorticoids, and aldoesterone

Question 5

what are the three layers of the adrenal cortex

Answer 5

zone glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis

Question 6

zona glomerulosa

Answer 6

outermost layer; secretes aldosterone

mineralocorticoid

Question 7

zona fasciculata

Answer 7

middle layer; secretes cortisol

Question 8

zona reticularis

Answer 8

innermost layer; secretes sex hormones (progesterone, androgen, estradiol, testosterone)

Question 9

characteristics of proteins

5

Answer 9

1. hydrophilic
2. lipophobic
3. short half life
4. receptors outside cell
5. onset is fast

Question 10

characteristics of steroids

Answer 10

1. hydrophobic
2. lipophilic
3. long half life
4. receptors inside cell
5. onset is slow

Question 11

what are the tropic hormones

Answer 11

CRH, PRF, TRH, GHRH, GnRH, dopamine, somatostatin

Question 12

Cushing syndrome is the equivalent to

Answer 12

hypercortisolism

Question 13

what can cause Cushing syndrome

Answer 13

a tumor on the adrenal gland or pituitary gland

Question 14

Addison’s Disease is the equivalent of

Answer 14

hypocortisolism

Question 15

Addison’s Disease can be caused by

Answer 15

autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex

Question 16

what are the two main cell types in the thyroid gland

Answer 16

follicular cells and C cells

Question 17

what do follicular cells secrete

Answer 17

T3/T4 (triiodothyronine and thyroxine)

Question 18

what do C cells secrete

Answer 18

calcitonin

Question 19

what is the precursor to T3/T4

Answer 19

tyrosine

Question 20

what is the purpose of the thyroid gland

Answer 20

has long term effects on metabolism and required for growth and development

Question 21

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 21

warm skin, sweaty, protein catabolism and tachycardia

Question 22

symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 22

slow metabolic rate, dec. protein synthesis, slowed reflexes, and bradycardia

Question 23

growth on depends on 4 factors

Answer 23

1. GH and several other hormones
2. adequate diet
3. absence of chronic stress
4. genetic potential for growth

Question 24

another name for growth hormone is

Answer 24

somatotropin

Question 25

over secretion of GH in children leads to

Answer 25

gigantism

Question 26

over secretion of GH in adults leads to

Answer 26

acromegaly

Question 27

hypertrophy

Answer 27

increase in cell size

Question 28

hyperplasia

Answer 28

increase in cell number

Question 29

epiphysis is what part of the bone

Answer 29

top section of the bone

Question 30

diaphysis is what part of the bone

Answer 30

narrow section of the bone

Question 31

the epiphyseal plate is what part of the bone

Answer 31

spacing, and site of bone growth

Question 32

what is the process of new bone growth

Answer 32

1. dividing chondrocytes add length to the bone 2. chondrocytes produce cartilage 3. old chondrocytes disintegrate 4. osteoblasts lay down bone on top of cartilage

Question 33

osteoblasts break/build new bone?

Answer 33

build

Question 34

osteoclasts build/break new bone

Answer 34

break

Question 35

pathway for cortisol secretion

Answer 35

CRH->ACTH->Cortisol->immune system/liver/muscle/adipose tissue

Question 36

how does cortisol effect the immune system

Answer 36

functions are suppressed

Question 37

how does cortisol effect the liver

Answer 37

stimulates gluconeogenesis

Question 38

how does cortisol effect muscles in the body

Answer 38

protein catabolism

Question 39

how does cortisol effect adipose tissue

Answer 39

stimulates lipolysis (breakdown of fats)

Question 40

when is parathyroid hormone activated

Answer 40

when calcium levels are too low

Question 41

when is calcitonin activated

Answer 41

when calcium levels are high

Question 42

parathyroid hormone stimulates the release of which hormone

Answer 42

calcitriol