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A & P Unit 4 > Chapter 22 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The Respiratory system consists of the

A

respiratory and conducting zones

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2
Q

Respiratory zone

A
  • site of gas exchange

* consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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3
Q

COnducting zone

A
  • conducts the air to reach the sites of gas exchange

* includes all other respiratory structures (e.g., nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea)

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4
Q

Respiratory muscles

A

diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation (the supply of air to the lungs, especially by artificial means)

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5
Q

Respiratory System

A

See picture on back

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6
Q

Major functions of the respiratory system are to supply the body with

A

oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

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7
Q

Respiration (the action of breathing) has four distinct processes that must happen. Those 4 processes are:

A
  • pulmonary ventilation
  • external respiration
  • transport
  • internal respiration
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8
Q

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

A

moving all the air into and out of the lungs

*includes inhalation and expiration

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9
Q

External respiration

A

gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

*occurs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolar air

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10
Q

Transport

A

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues

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11
Q

Internal respiration

A

gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

*occurs in the metabolizing tissues, where oxygen diffuses out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells

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12
Q

The nose is the only

A

externally visible part of the respiratory system

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13
Q

The nasal cavity lies

A

in and posterior to the external nose

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14
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

See picture on back

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15
Q

Paranasal sinuses are the sinuses in bones that

A

surround the nasal cavity

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16
Q

Sinuses lighten the skill and help to

A

warm and moisten the air

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17
Q

The Pharynx is the

A

funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle that connects to the:

  • nasal cavity and mouth superiorly
  • larynx and esophagus inferiorly
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18
Q

The Pharynx extends from the base of the

A

skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra

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19
Q

The pharynx is divided into three regions:

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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20
Q

Nasopharynx lies

A

posterior to the nasal cavity, inferior to the sphenoid and superior to the level of the soft palate

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21
Q

The nasopharynx is strictly an

A

air passageway

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22
Q

The nasopharynx closes during

A

swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity

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23
Q

the pharyngeal tonsil lies

A

high on the posterior wall

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24
Q

Oropharynx extends inferiorly from the

A

level of the soft palate to the epiglottis

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25
Q

The oropharynx opens to the

A

oral cavity via an archway called the fauces

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26
Q

The oropharynx serves as a common

A

passageway for food and air

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27
Q

In the oropharynx, the palatine tonsils lie

A

in the lateral walls of the fauces

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28
Q

The laryngopharynx serves as a common

A

passageway for food and air

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29
Q

The laryngopharynx lies

A

posterior to the upright epiglottis

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30
Q

The laryngopharynx extends to the larynx, where the

A

respiratory and digestive pathways diverge

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31
Q

The larynx is known as the

A

voice box

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32
Q

The larynx attaches to the

A

hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx superiorly

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33
Q

The larynx is continuous with

A

the trachea posteriorly

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34
Q

The three functions of the larynx are:

A
  • to provide a patent airway
  • to act as a switching mechanism to route air and good into the proper channels
  • to function in voice production
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35
Q

Framework of the Larynx

Laryngeal prominence is known as the

A

Adam’s apple

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36
Q

Epiglottis is

A

elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

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37
Q

Framework of the Larynx

A

See picture on back

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38
Q

Movement of Vocal Cords

A

See picture on back

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39
Q

The larynx is closed during

A

coughing, sneezing and Valsalva’s maneuver

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40
Q

The trachea is a flexible and mobile

A

tube extending from the larynx into the mediastinum

41
Q

The trachea is composed of three layers

A

mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia

42
Q

mucosa

A

made up goblet cells and ciliated epithelium

43
Q

submucosa

A

connective tissue deep to the mucosa

44
Q

adventitia

A

outermost layer made of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

45
Q

Trachea

A

See picture on back

46
Q

Conducting Zone: Bronchi

Bronchi subdivide into

A

secondary bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the lungs

47
Q

COnducting Zones

A

See picture on back

48
Q

Respiratory Zone is defined by

A

the presense of alveoli; begins as terminal bronchioles feed into repiratory bronchioles

49
Q

Respiratory bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts, then to

A

terminal clusters of alveolar sacs composed of alveoli

50
Q

There are approximately 300 million a

A

alveoli

51
Q

The 300 million alveoli account for most of the lungs

A

volume

52
Q

The alveoli also provide tremendous

A

surface area for gas exchange

53
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

See picture on back

54
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

See picture on back

55
Q

Alveoli contain open pores that

A
  • connect adjacent alveoli

* allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized

56
Q

Alveoli house macrophages that keep

A

alveolar surfaces sterile

57
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

See picture on back

58
Q

Lungs occupy all of the

A

thoracic cavity except for the mediastinum

59
Q

Root

A

the site of vascular and bronchial attachments

60
Q

Costal surface

A

anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces in contact with the ribs

61
Q

Apex

A

narrow superior tip

62
Q

Base

A

an inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm

63
Q

Hilus

A

is the indentation that contains pulmonary and systemic blood vessels

64
Q

Organs in the Thoracic Cavity

A

See picture on back

65
Q

Transverse Thoracic Section

A

See picture on back

66
Q

Left lung

A

separated into upper and lower lobes by the oblique fissure

67
Q

Right lung

A

separated into three lobes by the oblique and horizontal fissures

68
Q

Lungs are perfused by two circulations:

A

pulmonary and bronchial

69
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

supply systemic venous blood to be oxygenated

  • branch profusely, along with bronchi
  • Ultimately feed into the pulmonary capillary network surrounding the alveoli
70
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart

71
Q

Breathing or pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases:

A

inspiration and expiration

72
Q

Inspiration-

A

air flows into the lungs

73
Q

Expiration-

A

gases exit the lungs

74
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is a mechanical process that

A

depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity

75
Q

Volume changes lead to pressure changes which lead to

A

the flow of gases to equalize the pressure

76
Q

Inspiration is when

A

the lungs are stretched and intrapulmonary volume increases

77
Q

Expiration is when

A

thoracic cavity volume decreases

78
Q

There are four respiratory volumes

A
  • tidal volume (TV)
  • inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
  • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV
  • Residual volume (RV)
79
Q

Tidal volume (TV)-

A

air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath (Approximately 500 ml)

80
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)-

A

air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100-3200 ml)

81
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)-

A

air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration (1000-1200 ml)

82
Q

Residual volume (RV)-

A

air left in the lungs after strenuous expiration (1200 ml)

83
Q

Respiratory capacities:

A
  • Inspiratory capacity (IC)
  • Functional residual capacity (FRC)
  • Vital capacity (VC)
  • Total lung capacity (TLC)
84
Q

*Inspiratory capacity (IC)-

A

total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration (IRV+TV)

85
Q

*Functional residual capacity (FRC)-

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration (RV+ERV)

86
Q

*Vital capacity (VC)-

A

the total amount of exchangeable air (TV+IRV+ERV)

87
Q

*Total lung capacity (TLC)-

A

the sum of all lung volumes (approximately 6000 ml in males)

88
Q

Spirometer-

A

an instrument consisting of a hollow bell inverted over water, used to evaluate respiratory function

89
Q

Spirometry can distinguish between:

A
  • obstructive pulmonary disease-increased airway resistance

* restrictive disorders-reduction in total lung capacity from structural or functional lung changes

90
Q

Nonrespiratory air movements mostly result from

A

reflex action

*Examples include: coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccuping and yawning

91
Q

Oxygen transport is when molecular oxygen is

A

carried in the blood:

* it’s bound to hemoglobin (Hb) within red blood cells

92
Q

Role of Hemoglobin in oxygen transport; each Hb molecule

A

binds four oxygen atoms in a rapid and reversible process

93
Q

Saturated hemoglobin-

A

when all four hemes of the molecule are bound to oxygen

94
Q

Partially saturated hemoglobin-

A

when one to three hemes are bound to oxygen

95
Q

Lung problems

Chronic obstructed pulmonary disease (COPD)-

A

a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.
Symptoms: difficulty breathing, cough, mucus production, and wheezing

96
Q

Lung problems

Asthma-

A

a respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs. Characterized by dyspnea (difficult breathing), wheezing, and chest tightness

97
Q

Lung problems

Tuberculosis-

A

an infectious disease characterized by the growth of nodules in the tissues. Symptoms include fever, night sweats, weight loss, a racking cough, and a splitting headache. Treatment entails a 12-month course of antibiotics.

98
Q

Lung problems

Lung cancer-

A

accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the U.S. 90% of all patients with lung cancer were smokers

A & P Unit 4 (6 decks)

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