Chapter 22 - The Lymphatic System

Question 1

immune system

Answer 1

blood cells

lymphatic system

Question 2

lymphatic system

Answer 2

– Protects us against disease
• Environmental pathogens
• Toxins
• Abnormal body cells (cancers)

Question 3

lymphocytes

Answer 3

• Part of the immune response
• Identify, attack, and develop immunity to specific pathogens
• Make up 20–40% of WBC
• Most are stored, not circulating

Question 4

immunity

Answer 4

• The ability to resist infection and disease

– All body cells involved in production of immunity (not just lymphatic system)

Question 5

lymph tissues and organs

Answer 5

thymus
spleen
MALT in digestive, urinary, reproductive
respiratory (tonsils)

Question 6

functions of lymphatic system

Answer 6

– distribute lymphocytes and other lymphoid cells
– Return excess fluid to bloodstream
– Maintain normal blood volume
– Transport hormones, nutrients, and wastes

Question 7

lymphatic capillaries

– Differ from blood capillaries in several ways

Answer 7

• Closed at one end rather than forming a tube
• Have larger luminal diameters
• Have thinner walls
– Overlap of endothelial cells acts as one-way valve
• Allows fluids, solutes, viruses, and bacteria to enter
• Prevents their return to intercellular spaces

Question 8

lymphatic capillaries have their own

Answer 8

endothelial cells to allow things to flow easily

Question 9

lymphedema

Answer 9

– Blockage of lymph drainage from a limb
– Causes severe swelling
– Interferes with immune system function

Question 10

lymphoid cells

Answer 10

– Immune system cells and supportive cells in lymphoid

tissues

Question 11

Types of lymphocytes

– T cells

Answer 11

• Thymus-dependent

Question 12

Types of lymphocytes

- B cells

Answer 12

• Bone marrow–derived

Question 13

Types of lymphocytes

NK cells

Answer 13

• Natural killer cells

Question 14

lymph node

functions of lymph node

Answer 14

-Areolar tissue with densely packed lymphocytes
-Purify lymph before return to venous circulation
• Remove 99% of antigens

Question 15

antigens released due to infection

Answer 15

• Enter lymph and stimulate macrophages and lymphocytes in lymph nodes

Question 16

Lymphoid tissues and lymph nodes

Answer 16

– Monitor peripheral infections

– Respond before infections reach vital organs

Question 17

germinal center

Answer 17

contains dividing lymphocytes

Question 18

Lymphadenopathy

Answer 18

– Enlargement of lymph nodes

– infections or cancer

Question 19

swelling

Answer 19

response to infection

Question 20

functions of the spleen

Answer 20

• Storage of Fe recycled from RBC
• Initiation of immune responses by B cells and T cells (in response to antigens in blood)
• attack damaged cells

Question 21

2 types of immunity

Innate (nonspecific) immunity

Answer 21

Acquired at birth
• Always works the same way
• Against any type of invading agent

Question 22

2 types of immunity

adaptive (specific) immunity

Answer 22

Acquired after birth
• Protects against specific pathogens
• Depends on activities of lymphocytes
• Develops after exposure to environmental hazards

Question 23

in thymus, daughter cells mature into

Answer 23

t cells

Question 24

if babies are born through birth canal and not by c section

Answer 24

the protective is built up very fast. born w better microbiome, better immune system

Question 25

in red bone marrow daughter cells mature into

Answer 25

NK and B cells

Question 26

immune surveillance

Answer 26

NK cells attack foreign cells and destroy them

Question 27

Antibody-mediated immunity

Answer 27

B cells produce antibodies and this attacks pathogens

Question 28

cell mediated immunity

Answer 28

T cells attack and destroy foreign cells

Question 29

innate defenses

Answer 29

– skin – Hair – Epithelial layers of internal passageways – Secretions that flush away materials • Sweat, mucus, and urine – Secretions that kill microorganisms • Containing enzymes, antibodies, or stomach acid

Question 30

inflammation

Answer 30

limit spread of infection - stimulates clotting reaction, increases capillary permeability - activates phagocytes - Release of histamine by mast cells

Question 31

fever

Answer 31

speeds up tissue metabolism and activity of defenses

Question 32

phagocytes

Answer 32

Attack/remove dangerous microorganisms

Question 33

macrophages

Answer 33

* Large phagocytic cells | * Make up monocyte–macrophage system

Question 34

immune system perforates membrane of cells

Answer 34

secretion of perforin

Question 35

antibiotics

Answer 35

puts perforins on bacteria, not on our cells

Question 36

(innate defenses) | tumor specific antigens

Answer 36

* On plasma membranes of cancer cells * Identified as abnormal by NK cells * Some cancer cells avoid detection (immunological escape)

Question 37

cells infected with viruses

Answer 37

* abnormal proteins on plasma membranes | * NK cells destroy them

Question 38

necrosis

Answer 38

Local tissue destruction aorund injury

Question 39

pus

Answer 39

dead and dying cells

Question 40

Abscess

Answer 40

Accumulation of pus in enclosed space

Question 41

active immunity – Naturally acquired active immunity – Artificially acquired active immunity

Answer 41

``` Develops after exposure to antigen – Naturally acquired active immunity • Through environmental exposure to pathogens – Artificially acquired active immunity • Through vaccine ```

Question 42

passive immunity – Naturally acquired passive immunity – Artificially acquired passive immunity

Answer 42

``` Produced by transferring antibodies from another source – Naturally acquired passive immunity • Antibodies acquired from the mother – Artificially acquired passive immunity • injection of antibodies ```

Question 43

Four properties of adaptive immunity – Specificity – Versatility – Memory – Tolerance

Answer 43

– Specificity • Each T or B cell responds to specific antigen – Versatility • The body produces many types of lymphocytes – Each one (clones itself) and fights a different type of antigen – Memory • Some inactive lymphocytes (memory cells) – Stay in circulation – Provide immunity against new exposure – Tolerance • Immune system ignores “normal” antigens

Question 44

MHC proteins

Answer 44

* Membrane glycoproteins that bind antigens | * Genetically coded by MHC in chromosome 6

Question 45

memory Tc cells

Answer 45

– Produced with cytotoxic T cells – Stay in circulation – Immediately form cytotoxic T cells if same antigen appears again

Question 46

B cells attack

Answer 46

– Attack antigens by producing specific antibodies | – Millions of populations, each with different antibody molecules

Question 47

Helper T cells

Answer 47

promote B cell activation

Question 48

plasma cells

Answer 48

secrete antibodies

Question 49

memory B cells

Answer 49

respond to next infection, like memory T cells

Question 50

antibodies

Answer 50

mom gave specific antibodies

Question 51

igG

Answer 51

– 80% of all antibodies – Responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins – Maternal IgG provides passive immunity to fetus

Question 52

Responses to antigen exposure – First exposure – Next exposure

Answer 52

``` – First exposure • Produces primary response (mild) – Next exposure • Triggers secondary response • More extensive and prolonged • Memory cells already primed ```

Question 53

natural killer cells have short lifetime, while

Answer 53

neutrophils have a longer lifetime in body macrophages- all over antibody level takes a while

Question 54

stress and immune response | Glucocorticoids

Answer 54

• limits immune response • Long-term secretion (chronic stress)—inhibits immune response and lowers resistance to disease

Question 55

functions of glucocorticoids

Answer 55

* Depression of inflammation * Reduces phagocytes in peripheral tissues * Inhibition of interleukin secretion

Question 56

immune disorders

Answer 56

– Allergies (hypersensitivities) – Autoimmune disorders (glucose) – Immunodeficiency diseases

Question 57

Immune system diminishes with age

Answer 57

greater chance of infection or cancer

Question 58

effects of aging

Answer 58

– Thymic hormone production = reduced – T cells = less responsive to antigens – Fewer T cells reduces responsiveness of B cells – Immune surveillance against tumor cells declines