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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 22 - The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - The Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

immune system

A

blood cells

lymphatic system

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2
Q

lymphatic system

A

– Protects us against disease
• Environmental pathogens
• Toxins
• Abnormal body cells (cancers)

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3
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • Part of the immune response
  • Identify, attack, and develop immunity to specific pathogens
  • Make up 20–40% of WBC
  • Most are stored, not circulating
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4
Q

immunity

A

• The ability to resist infection and disease

– All body cells involved in production of immunity (not just lymphatic system)

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5
Q

lymph tissues and organs

A

thymus
spleen
MALT in digestive, urinary, reproductive
respiratory (tonsils)

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6
Q

functions of lymphatic system

A

– distribute lymphocytes and other lymphoid cells
– Return excess fluid to bloodstream
– Maintain normal blood volume
– Transport hormones, nutrients, and wastes

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7
Q

lymphatic capillaries

– Differ from blood capillaries in several ways

A

• Closed at one end rather than forming a tube
• Have larger luminal diameters
• Have thinner walls
– Overlap of endothelial cells acts as one-way valve
• Allows fluids, solutes, viruses, and bacteria to enter
• Prevents their return to intercellular spaces

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8
Q

lymphatic capillaries have their own

A

endothelial cells to allow things to flow easily

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9
Q

lymphedema

A

– Blockage of lymph drainage from a limb
– Causes severe swelling
– Interferes with immune system function

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10
Q

lymphoid cells

A

– Immune system cells and supportive cells in lymphoid

tissues

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11
Q

Types of lymphocytes

– T cells

A

• Thymus-dependent

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12
Q

Types of lymphocytes

- B cells

A

• Bone marrow–derived

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13
Q

Types of lymphocytes

NK cells

A
  • Natural killer cells
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14
Q

lymph node

functions of lymph node

A

-Areolar tissue with densely packed lymphocytes
-Purify lymph before return to venous circulation
• Remove 99% of antigens

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15
Q

antigens released due to infection

A

• Enter lymph and stimulate macrophages and lymphocytes in lymph nodes

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16
Q

Lymphoid tissues and lymph nodes

A

– Monitor peripheral infections

– Respond before infections reach vital organs

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17
Q

germinal center

A

contains dividing lymphocytes

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18
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

– Enlargement of lymph nodes

– infections or cancer

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19
Q

swelling

A

response to infection

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20
Q

functions of the spleen

A
  • Storage of Fe recycled from RBC
  • Initiation of immune responses by B cells and T cells (in response to antigens in blood)
  • attack damaged cells
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21
Q

2 types of immunity

Innate (nonspecific) immunity

A

Acquired at birth
• Always works the same way
• Against any type of invading agent

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22
Q

2 types of immunity

adaptive (specific) immunity

A

Acquired after birth
• Protects against specific pathogens
• Depends on activities of lymphocytes
• Develops after exposure to environmental hazards

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23
Q

in thymus, daughter cells mature into

A

t cells

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24
Q

if babies are born through birth canal and not by c section

A

the protective is built up very fast. born w better microbiome, better immune system

25
Q

in red bone marrow daughter cells mature into

A

NK and B cells

26
Q

immune surveillance

A

NK cells attack foreign cells and destroy them

27
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity

A

B cells produce antibodies and this attacks pathogens

28
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

T cells attack and destroy foreign cells

29
Q

innate defenses

A

– skin
– Hair
– Epithelial layers of internal passageways
– Secretions that flush away materials
• Sweat, mucus, and urine
– Secretions that kill microorganisms
• Containing enzymes, antibodies, or stomach acid

30
Q

inflammation

A

limit spread of infection

  • stimulates clotting reaction, increases capillary permeability
  • activates phagocytes
  • Release of histamine by mast cells
31
Q

fever

A

speeds up tissue metabolism and activity of defenses

32
Q

phagocytes

A

Attack/remove dangerous microorganisms

33
Q

macrophages

A
  • Large phagocytic cells

* Make up monocyte–macrophage system

34
Q

immune system perforates membrane of cells

A

secretion of perforin

35
Q

antibiotics

A

puts perforins on bacteria, not on our cells

36
Q

(innate defenses)

tumor specific antigens

A
  • On plasma membranes of cancer cells
  • Identified as abnormal by NK cells
  • Some cancer cells avoid detection (immunological escape)
37
Q

cells infected with viruses

A
  • abnormal proteins on plasma membranes

* NK cells destroy them

38
Q

necrosis

A

Local tissue destruction aorund injury

39
Q

pus

A

dead and dying cells

40
Q

Abscess

A

Accumulation of pus in enclosed space

41
Q

active immunity

– Naturally acquired active immunity

– Artificially acquired active immunity

A 
Develops after exposure to antigen
– Naturally acquired active immunity
• Through environmental exposure to pathogens 
– Artificially acquired active immunity
• Through vaccine
42
Q

passive immunity

– Naturally acquired passive immunity

– Artificially acquired passive immunity

A 
Produced by transferring antibodies from another source
– Naturally acquired passive immunity
• Antibodies acquired from the mother 
– Artificially acquired passive immunity
• injection of antibodies
43
Q

Four properties of adaptive immunity
– Specificity

– Versatility

– Memory

– Tolerance

A

– Specificity
• Each T or B cell responds to specific antigen
– Versatility
• The body produces many types of lymphocytes
– Each one (clones itself) and fights a different type of antigen
– Memory
• Some inactive lymphocytes (memory cells)
– Stay in circulation
– Provide immunity against new exposure
– Tolerance
• Immune system ignores “normal” antigens

44
Q

MHC proteins

A
  • Membrane glycoproteins that bind antigens

* Genetically coded by MHC in chromosome 6

45
Q

memory Tc cells

A

– Produced with cytotoxic T cells
– Stay in circulation
– Immediately form cytotoxic T cells if same antigen appears again

46
Q

B cells attack

A

– Attack antigens by producing specific antibodies

– Millions of populations, each with different antibody molecules

47
Q

Helper T cells

A

promote B cell activation

48
Q

plasma cells

A

secrete antibodies

49
Q

memory B cells

A

respond to next infection, like memory T cells

50
Q

antibodies

A

mom gave specific antibodies

51
Q

igG

A

– 80% of all antibodies
– Responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins
– Maternal IgG provides passive immunity to fetus

52
Q

Responses to antigen exposure
– First exposure

– Next exposure

A 
– First exposure
• Produces primary response (mild)
– Next exposure
• Triggers secondary response 
• More extensive and prolonged 
• Memory cells already primed
53
Q

natural killer cells have short lifetime, while

A

neutrophils have a longer lifetime in body
macrophages- all over
antibody level takes a while

54
Q

stress and immune response

Glucocorticoids

A

• limits immune response
• Long-term secretion (chronic stress)—inhibits
immune response and lowers resistance to disease

55
Q

functions of glucocorticoids

A
  • Depression of inflammation
  • Reduces phagocytes in peripheral tissues
  • Inhibition of interleukin secretion
56
Q

immune disorders

A

– Allergies (hypersensitivities)
– Autoimmune disorders (glucose)
– Immunodeficiency diseases

57
Q

Immune system diminishes with age

A

greater chance of infection or cancer

58
Q

effects of aging

A

– Thymic hormone production = reduced
– T cells = less responsive to antigens
– Fewer T cells reduces responsiveness of B cells
– Immune surveillance against tumor cells declines

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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