Chapter 25 - Nutrition

Question 1

healthy

Answer 1

proteins, carbs, fats, vitamins and minerals, salt

Question 2

metabolism

Answer 2

Sum of all chemical and physical changes that occur in body tissues

Question 3

catabolism

Answer 3

catabolic reactions
–Converts large molecules into smaller ones
–Breakdown of organic substrates releases energy to make ATP

Question 4

anabolism

functions of anabolism?

Answer 4

anabolic reactions
–Converts small molecules into larger ones
–Synthesis of new organic compounds is an “uphill”process that forms new chemical bonds
Functions of anabolism
–Perform repairs
–Store nutrient reserves

Question 5

nutrient pool

Answer 5

All available nutrient molecules distributed in blood

Question 6

brain cant go without

Answer 6

5 seconds of sugar

Question 7

where do we keep glycogen?

Answer 7

liver (they release it), muscle (they store it)

carbohydrates

Question 8

where do we store proteins?

Answer 8

muscle

amino acids

Question 9

where do we store fats?

Answer 9

skin, visceral fat, liver

fatty acids + glycerol

Question 10

nutrient reserves

triglycerides

Answer 10

• Most abundant storage lipids

* fatty acids

Question 11

glycogen

Answer 11

• Most abundant storage carbohydrate

* A branched chain of glucose molecules

Question 12

proteins

Answer 12

•Most abundant organic components in body

Question 13

25 year old male what is the proportions?
muscle
fat
bone mass

Answer 13

38
15
27

Question 14

25 year old female what is the proportions?
muscle
fat
bone mass

Answer 14

32
25
24

Question 15

females have higher fats bc

males have more muscle bc

Answer 15

of estrogen and pregnancy

of testosterone

Question 16

oxidation

Answer 16

loss of H or electrons. E donor is oxidized

Question 17

reduction

Answer 17

gain of H or electrons. E recipient is reduced

Question 18

electron transport chain

Answer 18

• in mitochondria
• e passed though series of oxidation-reduction reactions
• ultimately transferred to oxygen

Question 19

coenzymes

Answer 19

FAD and NAD

they either accept or remove H atoms

Question 20

cellular

Answer 20

Glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

• Involves glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain
• 1 molecule of glucose= net gain of 30–32 molecules ATP

Question 21

glycolysis steps

Answer 21

breaks down into two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvic acid

creates glucose-6-phosphate

Question 22

aerobic metabolism

Answer 22

–in mitochondria
–Requires oxygen
–Krebs cycle, generates ATP

Question 23

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 23

happens in mitochondria

Question 24

for most cells generating ATP is the reaction pathway that

Answer 24

starts with glucose, and ends with CO2 and water

Question 25

gluconeogenesis

Answer 25

making glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules | –Glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle

Question 26

how many carbons does one single AA have?

Answer 26

at least 2

Question 27

only tissue that can release glucose

Answer 27

is liver. liver can increase glucose levels.

Question 28

Lipid catabolism (lipolysis)

Answer 28

breaks lipids down. Converted to pyruvate | •Channeled directly into citric acid cycle

Question 29

Hydrolysis splits triglyceride into component parts

Answer 29

* 1 molecule of glycerol | * 3 fatty acid molecules

Question 30

Enzymes in cytosol convert glycerol to pyruvate

Answer 30

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA and enters citric acid cycle

Question 31

when sugar levels go down

Answer 31

we are burning fatty acids

Question 32

carbs

Answer 32

source of energy, but it has to be at a specific level (insulin and glucagon). where we getting energy from if we don't eat? fatty acids.

Question 33

cells gain 120 ATP from breakdown of

Answer 33

one 18 carbon fatty acid molecule

Question 34

lipids are not

Answer 34

soluble in water - special transport mechanisms - most lipids circulate through bloodstream as lipoproteins

Question 35

free fatty acid (FFA)

Answer 35

– diffuse easily across plasma membranes –In blood, bound to albumin (most abundant plasma protein) •Those not used in making of triglycerides that diffuse from intestinal epithelium

Question 36

lipoproteins

Answer 36

–Lipid–protein complexes •Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)—“bad cholesterol” •High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)—“good cholesterol”

Question 37

resting skeletal muscles absorb

Answer 37

fatty acids and break them down for atp production or storage as glycogen

Question 38

major cause of heart attacks

Answer 38

LDL

Question 39

when you have high levels of HDL

Answer 39

returns cholesterol to liver

Question 40

LDL's extract

Answer 40

cholesterol and uses it in various ways

Question 41

normal levels of HDL LDL

Answer 41

> 350 | < 100

Question 42

body makes how many proteins?

Answer 42

100,000 - 140,000 proteins

Question 43

vitamin B6

Answer 43

removal of amino group. urea cycle

Question 44

when you break down proteins you get

Answer 44

ammonium ions. difficult to break down.

Question 45

cortisol levels peak around

Answer 45

8 or 9 am. little peak at lunch.

Question 46

if you have a lot of cortisol you are

Answer 46

fat and stressed

Question 47

five metabolic tissues

Answer 47

``` –Liver –Adipose tissue –Skeletal muscle –Nervous tissue –Other peripheral tissues ```

Question 48

Adipocytes are located in many areas

Answer 48

* Areolar tissue * Mesenteries * Red and yellow bone marrows * Epicardium * Around eyes and kidneys

Question 49

skeletal muscles uses

Answer 49

glycogen reserves

Question 50

other peripheral tissues

Answer 50

follows instructions from endocrine system

Question 51

absorptive state

Answer 51

* Period following a meal | * Lasts about four hours

Question 52

Postabsorptive state

Answer 52

•Normal blood glucose levels •Body relies on internal energy reserves •Most cells break down lipids or amino acids –Preserving glucose for use by nervous tissue

Question 53

leptin

Answer 53

released by adipose tissues during absorptive state | -suppress appetite

Question 54

ghrelin

Answer 54

released by empty stomach, stimulates appetite

Question 55

CCK

Answer 55

released by pancreas | suppress appetite

Question 56

leptin, ghrelin, CCK, and regulation of energy intake

Answer 56

emotional state, its personal

Question 57

cis unsat fat

Answer 57

easier to break down

Question 58

trans unsat fat

Answer 58

bad, harder to break down, more stable, not natural

Question 59

false fat = unsat =

Answer 59

bad | bad