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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 24 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Digestive System Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

pharynx

A

Muscular driving of materials into the esophagus

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2
Q

esophagus

A

transport of materials to stomach

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3
Q

stomach

A

– Mechanical digestion with muscular contractions

– chemical digestion by acid and enzymes

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4
Q

small intestine

A

Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions

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5
Q

large intestine

A

indigestible materials prepares for elimination

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6
Q

Integrated processes of digestive system

A 
–Ingestion 
–Mechanical digestion and propulsion
–Chemical digestion 
–Secretion
–Absorption
–Defecation
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7
Q

villi

A

fingerlike projections from surface of certain membranous structures

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8
Q

mucosa

A

glands and the gastric pits, mucous membrane layer of the stomach

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9
Q

submucosa

A

layer of areolar connective tissue under mucous membrane

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10
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

Secrete hormones that coordinate activities of digestive tract and accessory glands

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11
Q

regulation of digestive functions

A

– Local factors
– Neural mechanisms
– Hormonal mechanisms

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12
Q

visceral motor neurons

A

Control smooth muscle contraction

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13
Q

Short reflexes (local reflexes)

A
  • Control small segments of digestive tract

* outside of CNS control - enteric nervous system

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14
Q

long reflexes

A
  • in CNS
  • Provide higher level control
  • Stimulate large-scale peristalsis
  • Parasympathetic motor fibers synapse in myenteric plexus
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15
Q

hormonal mechanisms

enteroendocrine cells:

A

– Enteroendocrine cells in digestive tract produce many peptide hormones
• Affect almost every aspect of digestion
– Travel through bloodstream to reach target organs

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16
Q

chyme

A

Partially digested food mixed w acidic secretions of stomach

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17
Q

rugae

A

wrinkles/gastric folds

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18
Q

gastric glands

A

– In fundus and body of stomach
– Each gastric pit communicates w/ several gastric glands
• Parietal cells
• Chief cells
– Secrete about 1500 mL of gastric juice each day

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19
Q

parietal cells

A

– Secrete intrinsic factor
• Glycoprotein - absorb vitamin B12
– secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)

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20
Q

chief cells

A

– Secrete pepsinogen (an inactive proenzyme)

• Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin (an active proteolytic enzyme) by HCl

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21
Q

things absorbed in stomach

A

alcohol, ibuprofen

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22
Q

chemical digestion in stomach

A

digestion of carbohydrates (by salivary amylase) and lipids (by lingual lipase)

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23
Q

As stomach contents become more fluid,

A

• pH approaches 2.0
• digestion of proteins by pepsin increases
– Nutrients are not absorbed in stomach

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24
Q

exocrine cells

A

– Secrete alkaline pancreatic juice into small intestine
• About 1000 mL per day
• Contains digestive enzymes, water, and ions

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25
pancreatic enzymes
– Pancreatic alpha-amylase - starch – Pancreatic lipase - – Nucleases - dna – Proteolytic enzymes - proteins
26
liver secretes bile
(gall bladder) • Into a network of narrow channels (bile canaliculi) – Right and left hepatic ducts
27
– Liver has over 200 functions in three categories
* Metabolic regulation * Hematological regulation * Bile production
28
liver cells
- removes nutrients or toxins from blood | - removes and stores excess nutrients (C loading)
29
Regulatory activities of liver affect
``` – Carbohydrate metabolism – Lipid metabolism – Amino acid metabolism – Waste removal – Vitamin storage – Mineral storage – Drug inactivation ```
30
Liver receives about ?? of cardiac output
25% | – Largest blood reservoir in body
31
Hematological regulation by liver involves
removal of antibodies | removal or storage of toxins
32
bile salts
break lipid droplets apart
33
Enterohepatic circulation
Cycling of bile salts between liver and small intestine
34
Duodenum
– Segment of small intestine closest to stomach | – “Mixing bowl” that receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver
35
Jejunum
– Middle segment of small intestine | – Site of most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
36
ileum
– Final segment of small intestine • Sphincter that controls flow of material from ileum into cecum of large intestine
37
lacteal
Transports chylomicrons that are too large to enter blood capillaries
38
Intestinal glands (intestinal crypts)
* Stem cells produce new epithelial cells * Paneth cells at base function in innate immunity * Contain enteroendocrine cells
39
intestinal juice
1.8 L every day • Moistens chyme • Assists in buffering acids • Keeps digestive enzymes and products of digestion in solution
40
Neural mechanisms involving CNS
– Prepare digestive tract for activity (parasympathetic) – Inhibit gastrointestinal activity (sympathetic) – Coordinate movement of materials along digestive tract • Through reflexes – Motor neuron synapses in digestive tract release neurotransmitters
41
gastrin
- Secreted by G cells in duodenum | - Promotes increased stomach motility, acids and enzymes
42
secretin
- Released when chyme arrives in duodenum – Increases secretion of buffers by pancreas and bile by liver – Reduces gastric motility and secretory rates
43
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
– Secreted when chyme arrives in duodenum | – Accelerates pancreatic production and secretion of digestive enzymes
44
cecum
– Expanded pouch | – Receives and stores materials arriving from ileum appendix
45
internal anal sphincter
– Smooth muscle cells | – Not under voluntary control
46
external anal sphincter
– Skeletal muscle fibers | – Under voluntary control
47
large intestine
– Lacks villi – Mucus provides lubrication for fecal material – Large lymphoid nodules present
48
Functions of large intestine | – Absorption or reabsorption of:
* Water * Nutrients (less than 10 percent) * Bile salts * Organic wastes * Vitamins and toxins produced by bacteria
49
microbiome
– Microbes (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) that live in and on human body • Including stuff in large intestine
50
vitamins
- cofactors or coenzymes in metabolism | – Normal bacteria in colon make three vitamins
51
Vitamins produced by bacteria in colon
– Vitamin K (fat soluble) • Required by liver for producing four clotting factors – Biotin (water soluble) • Imp in glucose metabolism – Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid; water soluble) • steroid hormones
52
Bacteria convert
bilirubin to urobilinogens and stercobilinogens | • Some urobilinogens are absorbed into bloodstream and excreted in urine
53
Urobilinogens and stercobilinogens remaining in | colon are converted
to urobilins and stercobilins | – By exposure to oxygen
54
– Bacteria break down
peptides in feces and generate • Ammonia, as soluble ammonium ions • Indole • H2S
55
Bacteria feed on indigestible carbohydrates
Produce flatus (intestinal gas) in large intestine
56
a balanced diet contains
* Carbohydrates * Lipids * Proteins * Vitamins * Minerals * Water
57
digestive enzymes
• breakdown of Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids called hydroysis
58
Digestive enzymes | – Secreted by
* Salivary glands * Tongue * Stomach * Pancreas
59
maltase
splits bonds between maltose
60
sucrase
breaks apart sucrose
61
lactase
hydrolyzes lactose | – Insufficient lactase leads to lactose intolerance
62
Absorption of monosaccharides
– Via facilitated diffusion and cotransport, which differ in | • ATP requirement
63
pancreas makes its own
amylase
64
lipid digestion
• Interact with bile salts to form micelles (lipid–bile salt complexes) • Join with steroids, phospholipids, vitamins, and proteins to form chylomicrons (big)
65
protein digestion and absorption
– Complex and time consuming | – Involves mechanical digestion, hydrochloric acid, and proteases
66
Dipeptidases in epithelial surfaces of small intestine
Break short peptide chains into individual amino acids
67
Nucleic acid digestion and absorption
– Nucleic acids are broken down into nucleotides – digest nucleotides into sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases • Absorbed by active transport
68
water absorption
– Cells cannot actively absorb/secrete water | –involves passive water flow down osmotic gradients
69
calcium ion absorption
* Involves active transport at epithelial surface | * Rate is increased by calcitriol
70
Water-soluble vitamins
vitamins B and C
71
Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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