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pathophysiology > Chapter 23 hematology > Flashcards

Chapter 23 hematology Flashcards

1
Q

anemia

A

decrease in the number of erythroctes
decreas in the quality of oxygen transferred

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2
Q

dehydration =

A

hemoconcentration

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3
Q

fluid retention=

A

hemodilution

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4
Q

cause for anamia

A

impared erythrocyte production
decrease in the erythrocyet production
acute/ chronic blood loss
combination of the above

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5
Q

classiied based on

A
  • their shape, size or substance
    cause
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6
Q

clinical manifestation of anamia

A

fever
fatoque
pallor
trachycardia
dyspenia
hyotension

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7
Q

macrocytic megaloblastic anamia

A

large stem cellas that mature into erythrocytes that are large in size
1. Pernicious anamia
2. folate deficiency anamia

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8
Q

pernicious anamia is caused by

A

decreased in VB12

clinical maniufestations
- weakness
-fatique
- difficulty in walking
- abdonmianl pain
- loss of appetite
- sour smooth beefy tongue
- weight loss

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9
Q

Folate deficiency anamia

A

caused by the deficiency of falic acid

clinicalmanifestation
- same as pernicious
- more GI symptoms
-stomatitus and ulcrs of mouth
- cheritosis= scales and fissures of mouth

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10
Q

Microcytic hyperchromatic anamia

A

causes iron deficiency anemia

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11
Q

iron deficiency is caused by

A

loss of blood
- increased demand for iron
- problems with absorption

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12
Q

clinical manifestation of iron

A

fatigue = nails become spoon-shaped
pallor = dry sources of the mouth
dyspnea( shortness of breath)=red sour punctured tongue

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13
Q

Leukocytes = white blood cells

A

function affected if there are too many or too few WBC
- normal WBC count is 4500-11000

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14
Q

Leukocytosis

A

is a high WBC count
- normal protective physiologic response to physiologic stressors

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15
Q

Causes of leukocytosis

A

invasion of pathigens
- emotional stress
-Temperature change

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16
Q

leukopenia

A

decrease in WBC count
not normal or beneficiation
predisposes to infections

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17
Q

leukopenia cause

A
  • radiation
  • shock
  • autoimmune disease
  • immunodeficiency
  • medications
18
Q

neutrophilia

A

immature neutrophils are realeased from the bone marrow when there is an infection

19
Q

neutropenia

A

decrease in circulating neutrophils

cause
- prolonged severe infection
- decreased production of neutrophils
- abnormal neutrophils distribution
reduced survival;

20
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

acute self-limiting infection of B-lymphocytes

21
Q

Pathology and clinical manifestation of Infectious mononucleosis

A

Patho
- Epstein-Barr virus affect the B-lymphocyte
- atypical lymphocytes develop
- immunocompetent (self-limiting acute viral infection)
immunocompromised ( uncontrolled proliferation of B-cells can occur)

Clinical Manifestation
-fever
-sore, swollen throat (pharyngitis)
- fatigue
-enlargement of spleen and liver
- lymphadenopathy: swollen cervical lymph nodes
-splenic rupture caused by spleen enlargement

22
Q

Leukemia

A

-a malignant disorder of blood and blood-forming cells

Patho
- overcrowding of bonemarrow
- excessive proliferation of malignant cells

23
Q

classified into two

A
  1. Acute
  2. chronic
24
Q

Acute Leukemia

A

sudden onset
undifferentiated cells

  1. Acute myelogenous leukemia
    - too many myelogenous or lymphoblastic that are to WBC
  2. Acute lymphocytic Leukemia
    - too many immature WBC in the Blood marrow
25
Q

Chronic leukemia

A

progressive
differentiated and mature cells
1. Chronic Mylengenous Leukemia
- roo many mature WBC in the bonemarrow
2. Chronic Lymphatic Leukomia
- slow-growing cancer where too many immature lymphocytes are found

26
Q

clinical manifestation of Leukemia

A

-fever
-petechiae
- fatigue, anemia
- weight loss
bone pain
infections
welling of the liver, lymph nodes, and spleen
headache, vomiting, blurred vision, and hearing disturbances

27
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

enlargments of lymph nodes

can be focal or general

28
Q

Malignant lymphomas

A

a diverse group of neoplasms that develop from the proliferation of malignant lymphocytes in the lymphoid system

29
Q

what are the two main categories of magilant lymphomas

A
  1. Hodgkin lymphoma
  2. non-Hodgkin lymphoma
30
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma

A

trigger is unknown
B-cell that has not undergone successful immunoglobulin gene rearrangement
painless

31
Q

what is the hall mark of hodgkin

A

Reed Sternberg cells
- magilantly trnasformed B-cellls
- present in lymp nodes

32
Q

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A
  • real classification based on B,NK, and T neoplasms
  • Burkitt lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma
33
Q

patho of non-hodgkin lynmphoma

A

-clonal expansion of NK, B, and T cells
- chromosome translocation which leads to activation of oncogenes
- tumor suppressors may be inactivated by deletion or mutation of chromosome
- spreads in a very unpredictable way
- not present in RS cells

34
Q

Burkitt Lymphoma

A
  • Bcell
  • tumor grows on the jaw and facial bones

Types
- linked to EBV
- sporadic
- immunodeficiency related

treatment is aggressive and multidrug regimens

35
Q

Lymphoblastic lymphoma

A

T-cell
- clone of immature T cells that become malignant in the thymus
- painless lymphadenopathy of the neck, chest
- treatment is combined with chemotherapy

36
Q

Multiple Myeloma ( plasma cell Magilancy)

A
  • slow proliferation of tumor cell masses in the bone marrow

clinical manifestations
- hypercalcemia
-renal failure
- anemia
- bone lesions
- pain everywhere

37
Q

disorders of platlets

A

thromboctopena
- decrease in platlets
thrombocythemia
- increase in platlets

38
Q

thromboctopenia

patho?

classification ?

A
  • decrease in platlets
    normal is 150,000- 400,000

patho
- decreased platlet production
- increased consumption
- conge ital or acquired

classified as
1. heparin- induced thrombocytopenia
2. Immune thrombocytopenia purpura n

39
Q

Immune thrompbocytopenia purpura

clinical manifestations?

A
  • occurs secondary to an illness
  • immune system attacks platlets
    can be acute or chronic
    acute ITP is commonly seen in children

clinical manifestations
- purpura/pectinate scattered on the body
- bleeding from mucosal sites

40
Q

Heparin- Induced Thrombocytopenia

A
  • drug related cause of thrombocytopenia

patho
- immune meditated adverse drug reaction
- IgG antibodies target heparin which decreases platlets activation cycle which decreases platlete consumption and eventually platlets level drop

50% drop after heparin administration

41
Q

Disseminated Intravascular coagulation (DIC)

pathos?
Cause?
clinical manifestation?

A
  • clotting and hemmorage both occur simultaneously

Patho
- widespread activation of coagulation, resulting in formation of fibrin clots in medium and small vessels throughout the body
- widespread clotting leads blockage of blood vessels and organ failure
- leads to consumnrtion of platlets

Cause
- sepsis
- endothelial damage/ tissue factor as the main initiator of DIC

clininical manifestation
- bleeding from venipuncture sites
- purpura, pectechie, and hematromas
symetric cyanosis of the fingers and toes —clotting

42
Q

hemphilia

A
  • bleeding disorderes
    joint bleeding
    A VIII
    B IX
    CXI

pathophysiology (13 decks)

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