last week lecture before exam

Question 1

what are the data processing deficits?

Answer 1

1. agnosia
2. dysartria
3. dysphasia or anaphasia

Question 2

agnosia is—-

Answer 2

inability to recognize patterns

Question 3

dysarthria is —

Answer 3

inability to articulate words clearly

Question 4

dysphasia is

Answer 4

impairment of comprehension and production of language

Question 5

what are the two types of dysphasia

Answer 5

1. expressive aphasia
2. receptive aphasia
3. global aphasia

Question 6

expressive aphasia

Answer 6

inability to produce spoken or written language

Question 7

receptive aphasia

Answer 7

inability to understand spoken or written language

Question 8

global aphasia

Answer 8

both receptive and expressive aphasia

Question 9

what is the similarities between delirium and dementia

Answer 9

they are both state of confusion

Question 10

what are the differences between delirium and dementia

Answer 10

derilium: is sudden onset
- short term
- sleep-wake is disturbed
dementia: slow progressive onset
- long term/ permanent
- sleep-wake is normal

Question 11

What causes dementia

Answer 11

failure of cerebral functions, including permanent intellectual processes, neuron degeneration, brain tissue composition

Question 12

What causes delirium

Answer 12

drug intoxication
metabolic disorders
long stay in the hospital
brain trauma and surgery
electrolyte imbalance

Question 13

what is Alzheimers disease

Answer 13

the leading cause for severe progressive cognitive dysfunction

Question 14

cause for Alzheimers disease

Answer 14

Development of amyloplaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which in turn causes neuron death, brain atrophy, and loss of synapse

Question 15

cause for Alzheimers disease

Answer 15

Development of amyloplaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which inturn causes neuron death, brain atrophy, and loss of synapse

Question 16

clinical manifestations of Alzheimer’s

Answer 16

forgetfulness
lack of concentraryion
loss in problem solving abilities
confusion
decline in abstraction

Question 17

clinical manifestations of dementia

Answer 17

memory loss
lack of orientation in language and memory
alteration in behavior

Question 18

what results increased cranial pressure

Answer 18

increased inter-cranial content due to tumor, edema, hemorrhage, excess cerebral spinal fluid

Question 19

effects of increased cranial pressure

Answer 19

causes an equal reduction in volume in other cranial contents
CSF and cerebral blood flow are decreased
changes in the levels of consciousness

Question 20

What are the 4 stages of increased intracranial pressure

Answer 20

stage 1: compesnsation
stage 2: Compensation
stage 3: beginning of decompensation
stage 4: decompensation

Question 21

what happens in stage 1 compensation?

Answer 21

Vasoconstriction and external compression of the venous system occurs in an attempt to decrease intracranial pressure
- ICP doesn’t change much and show symptoms because the compensation is working

Question 22

what happens in stage 2 compensation?

Answer 22

compensation could not keep up with the increasing expansion of intracranial contents
- cause compromised neural oxygenation and systemic arterial vasoconstriction

Question 23

effects of stage 2 compensation

Answer 23

restlessness
sluggish pupils
breathing changes
drowsiness
confusion

Question 24

what happnes in stage 3 beginning of decompensation

Answer 24

hypercapnia and hypoxia
ICP approaches arterial pressure

effects:-
widened pulse gap, bradycardia, and hypertension

Question 25

what happens in stage 4 decompensation

Answer 25

herniation develops blood supply is compromised, which increases the probability of getting ischemia and hypoxia eventually, blood flow stops effects:- comma, fixed and dilated pupil, Cheyne strokes breathing

Question 26

Cerebral edema is

Answer 26

Increase in intracellular or extracellular fluid within the brain

Question 27

Effects of cerebral edema are

Answer 27

- displacement of brain tissue - increase in ICP - herniation of blood tissue - distortion of blood vessels

Question 28

Cerebral edema is classified into three

Answer 28

1. vasogenic ( most important ) 2. cytotoxic ( metabolic) 3. interstitial

Question 29

What is vasogenic

Answer 29

- specific place - increased permeability of the capillary endothelium of the brain after injury effects capillaries of the blood-brain barrier are disrupted

Question 30

cytotoxic

Answer 30

- affects everywhere - toxic materials that affect the cellular elements of the brain Effects: failure of the transport system cells accumulate Na

Question 31

interstitial

Answer 31

- caused by the movement of CSF from the ventricles in the extracellular spaces of brain tissue - often seen in communicating hydrocephalus

Question 32

hydrocephalus

Answer 32

excuss fluid within the cerebra ventricles

Question 33

What causes hydrocephalus

Answer 33

-decrease in the absorbtion of CSF - overproduction of fluid - obstruction within the ventricular system

Question 34

classified into four

Answer 34

1. communicating 2. non-communicating 3. acute hydrocephalus 4. normal pressure hydrocephalus

Question 35

hypertonia

Answer 35

Increase in muscle tone effects?

Question 36

hypotonia

Answer 36

decrease in muscle tone - passive movements occur without resistance cause - cerebral damage, stroke, spinal cord injury effect weakness training easily difficulty rising and sitting down

Question 37

hypokinesis is

Answer 37

decrease in movement

Question 38

hypokinesia is classified into

Answer 38

1. akinesia: absence of voluntary movement 2. bradykinesia: decreased speed movement

Question 39

hyperkinesia is

Answer 39

Increase in movement

Question 40

hyperkinesia is classified into

Answer 40

1. paroxysmal dyskinesia: abnormal involuntary movements 2. tardive dyskinesia : involuntary movement of the lip, face, or tongue...( caused by prolonged antipsychotic drug)

Question 41

parkinston disease is

Answer 41

progressive digenerative disorder

Question 42

how is Parkinson disease caused

Answer 42

- a disorder caused in the basal ganglia - loss of dopamine-producing neurons -excess acetylcholine

Question 43

What are the clinical maniferstation of parkinston disease?

Answer 43

- excess stimulation affects movement and posture - decrease in flexibility - progressive tremors - dysarthria - chewing and swallowing difficulty

Question 44

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is ----

Answer 44

a progressive degenerative disease affecting the upper and lower motor neurons - cognition is not affected

Question 45

casuse of amyotropic lateral sclerosis is ----

Answer 45

no identified cause but it is linked to gene linked disease

Question 46

clinical manifestation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Answer 46

- loss and weakness of muscle atrophy - death due to respiratory failure -loss of manual dexterity and gait - sparsity