Chapter 24

Question 1

the process by which one species splits into two or more species, is at the focal point of evolutionary theory.

Answer 1

Speciation

Question 2

consists of changes in allele frequency in a population over time

Answer 2

Microevolution

Question 3

refers to broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species le

Answer 3

Macroevolution

Question 4

states that a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring; they do not breed successfully with members of other such groups

Answer 4

Biological Species Concept

Question 5

is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring; they do not breed successfully with members of other such groups

Answer 5

Species

Question 6

is the existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring

Answer 6

Reproductive Isolation

Question 7

are the offspring that result from mating between different species

Answer 7

Hybrids

Question 8

block fertilization from occurring by

Impeding different species from attempting to mate

Preventing the successful completion of mating

Hindering fertilization if mating is successful

Answer 8

Prezygotic Barriers

Question 9

What isolation is where Two species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, even though not isolated by physical barriers

Answer 9

Habitat Isolation

Question 10

What isolation is when Species that breed at different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes

Answer 10

Temporal Isolation

Question 11

An isolation that happens when Courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers to mating

Answer 11

Behavioral Isolation

Question 12

An isolation that happens when Morphological differences can prevent successful completion of mating

Answer 12

Mechanical Isolations

Question 13

an isolation when Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species

Answer 13

Gametic Isolation

Question 14

Prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult by:

Reduced hybrid viability

Reduced hybrid fertility

Hybrid Breakdown

Answer 14

Postzygotic Barrier

Question 15

The biological species concept can be applied to fossils or asexual organisms (including all prokaryotes)

True or false?

Answer 15

False (It cannot be applied)

Question 16

can occur between morphologically and ecologically distinct species

Answer 16

Gene Flow

Question 17

defines a species by structural features

*It applies to sexual and asexual species but relies on subjective criteria

Answer 17

Morphological Species Concept

Question 18

defines a species in terms of its ecological niche

*It applies to sexual and asexual species and emphasizes the role of disruptive selection

Answer 18

Ecological Species Concept

Question 19

Speciation can occur in two ways what are these?

Answer 19

Allopatric and Sympatric

Question 20

gene flow is interrupted or reduced when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

Answer 20

Allopatric Speciation

Question 21

What Isolation may arise as a by-product of genetic divergence?

Answer 21

Reproductive Isolation

Question 22

Can develop between experimentally isolated laboratory populations subjected to different environmental conditions

Answer 22

Reproductive Barriers

Question 23

This speciation has also been observed in nature

Answer 23

Allopatric Speciation

Question 24

A Speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area

Answer 24

Sympatric Speciation

Question 25

Sympatric speciation can occur if gene flow is reduced by factors including what?

Answer 25

Polyploidy, Sexual selection and Habitat differentiation

Question 26

is the presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division is much more common in plants than in animals

Answer 26

Polyploidy

Question 27

is an individual with more than two chromosome sets derived from a single species The offspring resulting from mating between polyploids and diploids have reduced fertility

Answer 27

Autopolyploid

Question 28

is a species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species can successfully mate with each other, but cannot interbreed with either parent species

Answer 28

Allopolyploid

Question 29

Can drive sympatric Speciation

Answer 29

Sexual Selection

Question 30

Can also result from the appearance of new ecological niches

Answer 30

Sympatric Selection

Question 31

Is a region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids can occur in a single band where adjacent species meet

Answer 31

Hybrid Zone

Question 32

What are the three alternative outcomes when hybrids do not become reproductively isolated from their parent species?

Answer 32

Reinforcement, Fusion, Stability

Question 33

Describes these periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change

Answer 33

Punctuated Equilibria

Question 34

"The interval between speciation events can range from _________ years (some cichlids) to _______ million years (some beetles), with an average of _______ million years"

Answer 34

4000, 40, 6.5

Question 35

Depending on the species in question, speciation might require change in a?

Answer 35

Single or Many Genes

Question 36

Is the cumulative effect of many speciation and extinction events

Answer 36

Macroevolution