Chapter 25:Endocrine Regulation And Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands

Question 1

Name the 5 major hormones of the endocrine glands?

Answer 1

Tropic, sex, anabolic, steroid, and nonsteroid hormones

Question 2

How are steroid hormones molecules manufactured?

Answer 2

By endocrine cells from cholesterol.

Question 3

Which hormone stimulate anabolism in target cells?

Answer 3

Steroid hormones

Question 4

What is the function of steroid hormones?

Answer 4

Synthesized from cholesterol and are lipid soluble. Ex: cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

Question 5

What does synergism involve?

Answer 5

It involves combinations of hormones acting together to have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have if acting alone

Question 6

In regulation of hormone secretion, what is up-regulation and down-regulation?

Answer 6

Up-regulation: increased number of hormone receptors increases sensitivity

Down-regulation: decreased number of hormone receptors decreases sensitivity

Question 7

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

Answer 7

Master gland

Question 8

Adenohypopyhsis

Answer 8

Anterior pituitary gland of the pituitary gland

Question 9

Adenohypopysis

Answer 9

Pars anterior forms the major portion of the adenohypophysis and pars intermedia

Question 10

Name the 5 functional types of secretory cells

Answer 10

Somatotropin, corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, lactotophs, lactotrophs, gonadotrophs

Question 11

Somatotrophs

Answer 11

Secrete GH

Question 12

Corticotrohphs

Answer 12

Secrete ATCH (adrenocorticotropin)

Question 13

Thyrotrophs

Answer 13

Secrete TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

Question 14

Lactotrophs

Answer 14

Secrete prolactin

Question 15

Gonadotrops

Answer 15

Secrete LH and FSH

Question 16

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 16

Tends to shift cell and chemistry away from glucose catabolism and toward lipid catabolism as an energy source; this leads to increased blood glucose levels

Question 17

GH is also known as

Answer 17

Somatotropin (STH)

Question 18

During pregnancy, Prolactin (PRL) promotes development of the breasts anticipating what?

Answer 18

Milk secretion; after the baby is born, PRL stimulates the mother’s MAMMARY GLANDS to produce milk

Question 19

TSH is also known as

Answer 19

Thyrotropin

Question 20

ACTH is also known as:

Answer 20

Adrenocorticotropin

Question 21

What is the function of the Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in a female?

Answer 21

It stimulates primary OVARIAN FOLLICLES to grow towards maturity and stimulates the follicle cells to secrete estrogens

Question 22

FSH and LH are called:

Answer 22

Gonadotropins because they stimulate the growth and maintenance of the gonads

Question 23

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the control of secretion in the adenohypophysis?

Answer 23

The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones into the blood, which are then carried to the hypophyseal portal system

Question 24

What is the function of the hypophyseal portal system?

Answer 24

Carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to the adenohypophysis, where the target cells of the relapsing hormones are located

Question 25

Through negative feedback in the control of secretion in the adenohypophysis

Answer 25

The hypothalamus adjust the secretions of the adenohypophysis, which then adjusts the secretions of the target glands that in turn adjust the activity of their target tissues

Question 26

Oxytocin is produced by the

Answer 26

Hypothalamus and has at least two primary actions 1) Causes milk ejection from the lactating breast, which is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism 2) Stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles that occurs during and after childbirth, which is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism

Question 27

Thyroid Hormone: Which hormone is more abundant and what is its importance?

Answer 27

T4 (Tetraiodythronine): it contains 4 iodine atoms and its major importance is as a precursor to T3

Question 28

Thyroid Hormones: Which hormone is considered a principle hormone?

Answer 28

T3 Triiodothyronine: It binds efficiently to nuclear receptors in target cells.

Question 29

How does the thyroid gland store and secrete their hormone?

Answer 29

The thyroid gland stores considerable amounts of a preliminary form of its hormones before secreting them. 2. Before being stored in the colloid of follicles, T3 and T4 are attached to globulin molecules to form thyroglobulin complexes 3

Question 30

What is the function of thyroid hormones?

Answer 30

Help to regulate the metabolic rate of all cells, cell growth and tissue differentiation; it is said to have a general target.

Question 31

What is a parathyroid hormone?

Answer 31

PTH: is an antagonist to calcitonin and the primary hormone that maintains calcium homeostasis

Question 32

Adrenal Gland: Which zone secretes aldosterone?

Answer 32

Zona glomerulosa of the cortex

Question 33

Adrenal gland: which zone secretes abundant amounts of glucocorticoids, chiefly cortisol?

Answer 33

Zona fasciculata

Question 34

Adrenal glands: which zone secretes minute amounts of sex hormones and glucocorticoids?

Answer 34

Zona reticularis

Question 35

Which hormone does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

Answer 35

Mineralocorticoids Outermost layer

Question 36

Which hormone does the zona fasciculata secrete?

Answer 36

Glucocorticoids | Middle layer

Question 37

Which hormone does the zona reticularis secrete?

Answer 37

Small amounts of glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids | Inner layer

Question 38

Aldosterone

Answer 38

Increases water retention and promotes loss of potassium and hydrogen ions

Question 39

Glucocorticoids

Answer 39

Are essential for maintaining normal blood pressure by aiding norepinephrine and epinephrine in reaching their full effect, thereby causing vasoconstriction

Question 40

Adrenal medulla

Answer 40

Secretes two important hormones: Epinephrine (Epi) and Norepinephrine (NE or NR), which are part of the class of nonsteroid hormones called catecholamines

Question 41

Which tissues compose the pancreatic islets?

Answer 41

Endocrine and exocrine tissue