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chapter 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

weathering

A

Is the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on agent (such as water or air), the composition of the material being weathered, the climate, and time

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2
Q

soil

A

a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting life plants

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3
Q

erosion

A

is the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

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4
Q

sediment transport

A

as rocks weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another

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5
Q

deposition

A

when the erosional agent slows down, it drops this sediment load

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6
Q

drainage brasin

A

the land area that gathers water for a major river

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7
Q

longshore current

A

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline

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8
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

No they weather at different rate, depends on rock type, landscape

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9
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

Rock type and landscaping

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10
Q

What are two types of weathering?

A

Mechanical Weathering

Chemical Weathering

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11
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

Physical changes

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12
Q

What are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

Frost wedging
Biological Activity
Collisions

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13
Q

What causes frost wedging?

A

Water will seep into the rocks and freezes

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14
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

Freeze-Thaw Cycle

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15
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

Plant and Animal Activity

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16
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

When rocks fall from a cliff

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17
Q

What is a parent material?

A

Its where soil forms from

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18
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

Are the different layers of soil

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19
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

There 6 different soil horizons

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20
Q

All soils contain every soil horizon

A

false

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21
Q

What are the specific soil horizons?

A

O,A,E,B,C,R

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22
Q

What does the first soil horizon contain?

A

Organic Material

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23
Q

What is the second horizon mostly made up of?

A

Mostly Minerals

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24
Q

Which layer does leaching occur?

A

Horizon E

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25
Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?
Horizon B
26
Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?
Horizon C
27
Which layer is unweathered bedrock?
Horizon R
28
Which soil horizons make up the topsoil?
O and A
29
Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?
E and B
30
What are the two types of chemical weathering
Oxygen and Water
31
What are chemicals of oxygen
Oxidation
32
What are chemicals due to water?
Hydrolysis
33
Which soild horizons make up the true soil
O,A,E,B
34
Whats the difference between weathering and erosion?
Weathering is the breakdown of materials on Earths surface,erosion is the removal of the material
35
As the slope of a river decreases, the river´s speed decreases (true or false)
True
36
What are small streams that flow into larger rivers?
Tributaries
37
What is the land area called that gathers water for a major river?
Drainage Basin
38
What is a a boundary that separates distinct drainage basins called?
Drainage Divide
39
When water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earths surfaces creating?
Channels
40
Young rivers create what shape due to fast movement?
V-moment
41
What type of rivers are wide with smooth gentle slopes?
Mature rivers
42
When rivers flood and drop their sediment load what is formed?
Flood Plains
43
What are the fan shaped sediment deposits that form at the mouth of a river?
Deltas
44
What are the branching channels called creating deltas?
Distibutes
45
What forms when a river or stream enters dry land?
Alluvial Fans
46
What are the two types of glaciers?
Valley Glaciers | Continental Glaciers
47
Where do valley glaciers form?
Form in high, mountainous regions?
48
Where do continental glaciers form?
Large land areas in colder climates
49
Where are the two continental glaciers located?
Greenland, Antarctica
50
What are Cirques?
Bowl Shaped basins
51
What is an Arete?
Form where 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode a long, sharp ridgeline
52
What is a horn?
Sharpened peaks
53
What shape of valleys glaciers create?
U shaped valleys
54
What is a tributary glacier?
Small glaciers that feed into larger glaciers
55
What type of valleys do tributary create?
Hanging Valleys
56
On which side of a dune does erosion occur?
Windward side
57
Which side of the dune does deposition occur?
Leeward side
58
What is deflation?
The removal of particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind
59
What is it called when small particles are removed?
Desert pavement
60
What does the shape and sizes of landforms due to wind depend on?
- wind speed - amount of time the wind blows - sediment supply
61
What are some landforms created by wave erosion?
coastal cliffs, sea arches, sea stacks
62
What is a sandbar?
Landforms that are parallel to the shoreline
63
What are Sand spits?
Sandbars that extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape.
64
What can cause Mass Wasting?
When erosion occurs as material moves down a slope
65
What are some examples of mass wasting?
- Rock Slides - Mudflows - Landslides
66
What percentage of water on Earth is salt water?
97%
67
What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?
3%
68
Where is the majority of freshwater found?
Glaciers
69
Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?
Lakes,Rivers, and stored underground
70
What is precipitation?
When water vapor in the air cools and condenses; rain,snow,sleet,hail
71
What is runoff?
Water is running off the land surface
72
What is infiltration?
The process by which water enter Earth and becomes groundwater
73
What is transpiration?
When plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves
74
What is evaporation?
When water enters the atmosphere as water vapor
75
What is condensation?
When water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets
76
What is the water cycle?
Water on the land that enters the atmosphere and comes back to the land
77
What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?
a porous area where water easily can pass
78
What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?
Beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the pore space
79
What is a water table?
The upper boundary of the saturated zone
80
What does it mean if sediment is permeable?
The easier water is easier to pass through the area
81
What is an aquifer?
A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
82
What is the name of the Great Plans Aquifer?
83
How many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through?
The Ogallala Aquifer
84
What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through?
South Dakota, United Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico,Texas
85
What is an Aquitard
Keeps water confined
86
How are water springs formed?
Springs form where a water table meets Earths surface
87
What is an artesian well?
Wells drilled into pressurized aquifers
88
What is a cone of a depression?
The direction that the water flows is directed down

physical science (6 decks)

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