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Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface

A

Weathering

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2
Q

a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

A

Soil

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3
Q

the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

A

Erosion

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4
Q

as rocks weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another in a process

A

Sediment Transport

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5
Q

when the erosional agent slows down (in the case of water, wind, or gravity) or melts (in the case of glaciers) it drops the sediment load in a process

A

Deposition

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6
Q

the land area that gathers water for a major river

A

Drainage basin

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7
Q

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline

A

longshore current

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8
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

NO

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9
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

Rock type and Landscape

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10
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

Chemical and Mechanical

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11
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

Physical changes

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12
Q

What type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

Chemical changes

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13
Q

What are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

Frost wedging, Biological activity, and Collisions

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14
Q

What causes frost wedging?

A

When water collects in the cracks of a rock and then freezes

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15
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

Freeze Thaw Cycles

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16
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

Plants and animals

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17
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

When rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers.

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical weathering caused by?

A

Oxygen and water

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19
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen?

A

Oxidation

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20
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by water?

A

Hydrolysis

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21
Q

What is parent material?

A

The material from which soil forms

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22
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

The different layers of soil

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23
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

6

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24
Q

True or False.All soils contain every soil horizon?

A

False

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25
What are the specific soil horizons?
O, A, E, B, C, and R
26
What does the first soil horizon contain?
Organic material
27
What is the second horizon mostly made up of?
Minerals
28
Which layer does leaching occur?
E
29
Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?
B
30
Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?
C
31
Which layer is unweathered bedrock?
R
32
Which soil horizons make up the topsoil?
O and A
33
Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?
E and B
34
Which soil horizons make up the true soil?
35
What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
Weathering is the breakdown of materials and erosion is the removal of surface material.
36
If the slope of a river decreases what will happen to the rivers speed?
It will decrease
37
Small streams that flow into larger rivers are called?
Tributaries
38
Land area that gathers water for a major river is called?
Drainage Basin
39
A boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called?
Drainage divide
40
As water flows, downhill under the influence of gravity, water, erodes earth's surface creating?
Channels
41
Young rivers are blank due to the fast movement?
V-shaped
42
what rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes?
Mature
43
What type of landform is created when rivers flood and drop their sediment load
Flood Plains
44
What is a fan shaped sediment deposit that forms at the mouth of the river?
Deltas
45
What are distributaries?
Branching channels created by deltas
46
What forms where the moth of a river or stream enters a dry land?
Alluvial Fans
47
What are the two types of glaciers?
continental and valley glaciers
48
Where do valley glaciers form?
High mountainous regions
49
Where do continental glaciers form?
In colder climates and occupy large land areas
50
Where are the two continental glaciers located?
Greenland and Antarctica
51
What is a cirque?
Bowl shaped basins
52
What is an arete?
Long sharp ridge line between valley glaciers
53
What is a horn in a mountainous region?
Sharpen peeks
54
What shape of valley do valley glaciers form?
U shaped valleys
55
What are tributary glaciers?
small glaciers that feed into large glaciers
56
What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?
hanging valleys
57
Which side of a sand dune does erosion occur?
windward side
58
Which side of a sand dune does deposition occur on?
leeward side
59
What is deflation?
the removal of small particles by wind
60
What causes desert pavement?
when small particles are removed
61
The shape and sizes and land forms depends on
wind speed, amount of time the wind blows, and sediment supply
62
What are three land forms created by wave erosion?
coastal cliffs, sea arches, and sea stacks
63
What are two examples of wave deposition?
Sand bars and sand spits
64
What are sand bars?
land forms that are parallel to the shoreline
65
What are sand spits
sand spits curve back toward land in a hook shape.
66
What are some things that can cause mass wasting?
Snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, or human activity.
67
What are some examples of mass wasting?
rock slides, mud flows, and landslides
68
the process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
Infiltration
69
the upper boundary of the saturated zone
water table
70
a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
aquifer
71
a material is the percentage of the material total volume that is pore space
porosity
72
the process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object, or an event
absolute dating
73
the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time
relative dating
74
which states that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past
uniformitarianism
75
states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top land the oldest rocks will be at the bottom
principle of superposition
76
gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent
unconformities
77
the remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record
fossils
78
What percentage of water on earth is salt water?
97%
79
What percentage of water on earth is freshwater?
3%
80
Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?
lakes, rivers, and stored as ground water
81
Where is the majority of freshwater found?
1%, found in lakes rivers, and stored as ground water
82
What is precipitation?
When water vapor in the air cools and condenses
83
What is runoff?
Where water runs off the land surface
84
What is infiltration?
Where water enters earth and becomes ground water
85
What is transpiration?
When plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves
86
What is evaporation?
When water enters the atmosphere as water vapor
87
What is condensation?
When water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets
88
What is the water cycle?
Where water on the land enters the atmosphere and returns back land
89
What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?
a porous area where water easily passes through
90
What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?
beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the pore space
91
What is a water table?
the upper boundary of the saturated zone
92
What does it mean if sediment is permeable?
the permeable sediment, is the easy water can pass through
93
What is an aquifer?
a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
94
What is the name of the the great plains aquifer?
Ogallala Aquifer
95
How many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through?
8 states
96
What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifers run through?
South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas
97
What is an aquitard?
keeps water confined
98
How are water springs formed?
Where the water table naturally meets Earth surface
99
What is an artesian well?
When we drill into a pressurized aquifers
100
What is a cone of depression?
The direction that the water flows is directed down toward the well

Physical Science (6 decks)

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