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Medical Nutrition Therapy > Chapter 29: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia of Nondiabetic Origin > Flashcards

Chapter 29: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia of Nondiabetic Origin Flashcards

1
Q

hyperglycemia

A

High blood glucose

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2
Q

insulin

A

A hormone produced by the beta-cells of the pancreas, is necessary for the use or storage of macronutrients

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3
Q

impaired fasting glucose (IFG)

A

Individuals with this are referred to as having prediabetes, indicating a relatively high risk for the development of diabetes and CVD

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4
Q

impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)

A

Individuals with this are referred to as having prediabetes, indicating a relatively high risk for the development of diabetes and CVD

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5
Q

prediabetes

A

A diagnosis of prediabetes indicates a relatively high risk for the development of diabetes and CVD

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6
Q

type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)

A

The primary defect is pancreatic beta-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency and resulting in hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydispia, polyphagia, unexpected weight loss, dehydration, electrolyte disturbance and diabetic ketoacidosis

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7
Q

insulin deficiency

A

When insulin-producing cells are damaged or destroyed and stop producing insulin

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8
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

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9
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

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10
Q

polyphagia

A

excessive hunger

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11
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

A serious complication of diabetes characterized by extreme hyperglycemia and a buildup of ketones in the blood and urine

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12
Q

immune-mediated diabetes mellitus

A

Results from an autoimmune destruction of the beta-cells of the pancreas, the only cells in the body that make the hormone insulin

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13
Q

honeymoon phase

A

The time after diagnosis of diabetes and the correction of hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and ketoacidosis, endogenous insulin secretion recovers and exogenous insulin requirements drastically decrease for up to 1 year or longer

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14
Q

latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA)

A

An autoimmune diabetes that occurs in adulthood. AKA type 1.5 diabetes.

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15
Q

type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

A

A progressive disease that, in many cases, is present long before it is diagnosed.

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16
Q

insulin resistance

A

Decreased tissue sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin

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17
Q

postprandial blood glucose

A

Blood glucose level after a meal

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18
Q

preprandial blood glucose

A

Also known as fasting blood glucose. Blood glucose level before a meal

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19
Q

glucagon

A

A hormone formed in the pancreas which promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver

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20
Q

glucotoxicity

A

The deleterious effect of hyperglycemia on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion

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21
Q

lipotoxicity

A

Increased fatty acid levels

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22
Q

C-peptide

A

Byproduct of insulin production. Can be used to determine type of diabetes, T1DM or T2DM

23
Q

gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

A

A type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy

24
Q

macrosomia

A

A larger than normal baby

25
Q

maturity onset diabetes of youth (MODY)

A

A group of several conditions characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels. These forms of diabetes typically begin before age 30, although they can occur later in life

26
Q

acanthosis nigricans

A

A condition in which dark raised areas appear on the sides of the neck and in the body folds and creases

27
Q

fasting plasma glucose (FPG)

A

The simplest and fastest way to measure blood glucose and diagnose diabetes. Fasting means that you have had nothing to eat or drink (except water) for 8 to 12 hours before the test

28
Q

glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) test

A

A test that measures the amount of blood sugar (glucose) attached to hemoglobin. An HbA1c test shows what the average amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin has been over the past three months. It’s a three-month average because that’s typically how long a red blood cell lives

29
Q

normoglycemia

A

A normal concentration of sugar in the blood (as contrasted with hyper- or hypoglycemia)

30
Q

counterregulatory (stress) hormones

A

Have the opposite effect of insulin. These include glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

31
Q

self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)

A

Measuring blood glucose of oneself to assess day-to-day glycemic control

32
Q

carbohydrate counting

A

An eating plan method based on the principle that all types of carbohydrate (except fiber) are digested, and that the majority of carbohydrates are absorbed into the bloodstream as molecules of glucose

33
Q

glycemic index (GI)

A

Developed to compare the physiologic effects of carbohydrates on glucose. The GI ranks carbohydrate foods according to how they affect the blood glucose level. The GI of glucose = 100

34
Q

glycemic load (GL)

A

An estimate of the glycemic index of all foods, meals consumed. The GL is calculated by multiplying the GI by the amount of available carbohydrate in each food and then totaling the values for all foods in a meal or dietary pattern.

35
Q

insulin secretagogues

A

Medications that increase insulin production

36
Q

incretins

A

Hormones made by the GI tract and include GLP-1. GLP-1 is released during nutrient absorption, which increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, slows gastric emptying, decreases glucagon production, and enhances satiety

37
Q

basal or background insulin dose

A

Amount of insulin required in the postabsorptive state to restrain endogenous glucose output primarily from the liver, which helps maintain normal glucose levels between meals

38
Q

insulin to carbohydrate ratio

A

The amount of insulin required per gram of carbohydrate

39
Q

continuous glucose monitoring

A

Used on a day to day basis to manage diabetes effectively and safely.

40
Q

correction factor (CF)

A

Defines how much milligrams per deciliter a unit of rapid-insulin will lower blood glucose levels over a 2- to 4- hour period

41
Q

hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)

A

A high blood glucose level without ketones. Patients are markedly dehydrated, and mental alterations range from mild confusion to hallucinations or coma

42
Q

hypoglycemia (or insulin reaction)

A

A low blood glucose is a common side effect of insulin therapy, although individuals taking insulin secretagogues also can be affected

43
Q

autonomic symptoms

A

Arise from the action of the autonomic nervous system and are often the first signs of mild hypoglycemia

44
Q

neuroglycopenic symptoms

A

Related to insufficient supply of glucose to the brain, also can occur at similar glucose levels as autonomic symptoms but with different manifestations

45
Q

dawn phenomenon

A

The increased need for insulin at dawn causes a rise in fasting blood glucose levels

46
Q

Somogyi effect

A

Hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia. This phenomenon originates during hypoglycemia with the secretion of counterregulatory hormones and usually is caused by excessive exogenous insulin doses

47
Q

macrovascular disease

A

Involves diseases of large blood vessels

48
Q

microvascular disease

A

Associated with diabetes involve the small blood vessels and include nephropathy and retinopathy

49
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

Characterized by intraabdominal obesity or the android distribution of adipose tissue and is associated with dyslipidemia, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and increased prevalence of macrovascular complications

50
Q

gastroparesis

A

Characterized by delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction of the stomach

51
Q

hypoglycemia of nondiabetic origin

A

Defined as a clinical syndrome of diverse causes in which low levels of plasma glucose eventually lead to neuroglycopenia

52
Q

Whipple’s triad

A
  1. A low plasma or blood glucose, 2. symptoms of hypoglycemia at the same time, and 3. resolution of the symptoms once the blood glucose returns to normal
53
Q

postprandial (reactive) hypoglycemia

A

If blood glucose levels fall below normal limits within 2 to 5 hours after eating

54
Q

fasting hypoglycemia

A

Often is related to an underlying disease

Medical Nutrition Therapy (39 decks)

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