Chapter 11: Food and Nutrient Delivery: Bioactive Substances and Integrative Care

Question 1

adverse events (AE)

Answer 1

any untoward medical occurrence associated with the use of a drug in humans, whether or not considered drug related

Question 2

acupuncture

Answer 2

a system of integrative medicine that involves pricking the skin or tissues with needles, used to alleviate pain and to treat various physical, mental, and emotional conditions. Originating in ancient China, acupuncture is now widely practiced in the West.

Question 3

alternative medicine

Answer 3

medical products and practices that are not part of standard care

Question 4

American Botanical Council

Answer 4

A nonprofit organization that is passionate about helping people live healthier lives. Educating on the science-based safe and effective use of herbs.

Question 5

American Herbalists Guild

Answer 5

The American Herbalists Guild was founded in 1989 as a non-profit, educational organization to represent the goals and voices of herbalists specializing in the medicinal use of plants. Our primary goal is to promote a high level of professionalism and education in the study and practice of therapeutic herbalism

Question 6

Ayurveda

Answer 6

the traditional Hindu system of medicine, which is based on the idea of balance in bodily systems and uses diet, herbal treatment, and yogic breathing.

Question 7

bioactive compound

Answer 7

A type of chemical found in small amounts in plants and certain foods (such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, oils, and whole grains). Have actions in the body that may promote good health

Question 8

botanical medicine

Answer 8

comprises plants (or substances that come from plants) that are used to treat or prevent disease

Question 9

chi (qi)

Answer 9

the circulating life energy that in Chinese philosophy is thought to be inherent in all things; in traditional Chinese medicine the balance of negative and positive forms in the body is believed to be essential for good health.

Question 10

chiropractic medicine

Answer 10

A system of diagnosis and treatment based on the concept that the nervous system coordinates all of the body’s functions, and that disease results from a lack of normal nerve function. Chiropractic employs manipulation and adjustment of body structures, such as the spinal column, so that pressure on nerves coming from the spinal cord due to displacement (subluxation) of a vertebral body may be relieved.

Question 11

Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex)

Answer 11

an agency with international significance. Created to protect the health of consumers and to ensure fair practices in international food trade

Question 12

complementary medicine

Answer 12

any of a range of medical therapies that fall beyond the scope of scientific medicine but may be used alongside it in the treatment of disease and ill health. Examples include acupuncture and osteopathy.

Question 13

complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)

Answer 13

medical products and practices that are not part of standard medical care

Question 14

complementary and integrative medicine (CIM)

Answer 14

complementary medicine is used together with mainstream medical care. An example is using acupuncture to help with side effects of cancer treatment. When health care providers and facilities offer both types of care, it is called integrative medicine

Question 15

dietary supplement

Answer 15

products taken by mouth that contain a “dietary ingredient.” Dietary ingredients include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbs or botanicals, as well as other substances that can be used to supplement the diet.

Question 16

dietary supplement health and education act of 1994 (DSHEA)

Answer 16

defined dietary supplements under the category of food and explicitly removed them from consideration as drugs or dietary additives

Question 17

dietary supplement label database

Answer 17

a database of dietary supplements used in the United States

Question 18

drug nutrient interaction (DNI)

Answer 18

physical, chemical, physiologic, or pathophysiologic relationships between a drug and a nutrient.

Question 19

East Asian medicine

Answer 19

refers to the traditional methods used to promote health and healing that come from China, Japan, and Korea.

Question 20

excipients

Answer 20

an inactive substance that serves as the vehicle or medium for a drug or other active substance.

Question 21

functional medicine

Answer 21

a systems biology–based approach that focuses on identifying and addressing the root cause of disease

Question 22

generally recognized as safe (GRAS)

Answer 22

a status label assigned by the FDA to a listing of substances (GRAS list ) not known to be hazardous to health and thus approved for use in foods.

Question 23

health claim

Answer 23

describe a relationship between a food substance (a food, food component, or dietary supplement ingredient), and reduced risk of a disease or health-related condition

Question 24

holistic medicine

Answer 24

a form of healing that considers the whole person – body, mind, spirit, and emotions – in the quest for optimal health and wellness

Question 25

homeopathy

Answer 25

the treatment of disease by minute doses of natural substances that in a healthy person would produce symptoms of disease.

Question 26

integrative medicine

Answer 26

a form of medical therapy that combines practices and treatments from alternative medicine with conventional medicine.

Question 27

megadose

Answer 27

a dose many times larger than the usual, especially of a vitamin or drug.

Question 28

meridians

Answer 28

each of a set of pathways in the body along which vital energy is said to flow. There are twelve such pathways associated with specific organs.

Question 29

moxibustion

Answer 29

he burning of moxa on or near a person’s skin as a counterirritant.

Question 30

naturopathy

Answer 30

a system of alternative medicine based on the theory that diseases can be successfully treated or prevented without the use of drugs, by techniques such as control of diet, exercise, and massage.

Question 31

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)

Answer 31

Defines through rigorous scientific investigation, the usefulness and safety of complementary and integrative interventions and their roles in improving health and health care.

Question 32

new dietary ingredient (NDI)

Answer 32

a dietary ingredient that was not marketed in the United States in a dietary supplement before October 15, 1994.

Question 33

pharmacognosy

Answer 33

the branch of knowledge concerned with medicinal drugs obtained from plants or other natural sources.

Question 34

phytochemical

Answer 34

any of various biologically active compounds found in plants.

Question 35

phytotherapy

Answer 35

the study of the use of extracts of natural origin as medicines or health-promoting agents. It should be perceived as an allopathic discipline, because the effects that are expected from HMP are directed against the causes and the symptoms of a disease.

Question 36

structure function claim

Answer 36

describe the role of a nutrient or dietary ingredient intended to affect the normal structure or function of the human body

Question 37

subluxation

Answer 37

interferences to the body’s natural ability to maintain health

Question 38

third party certification

Answer 38

an independent organization has reviewed the manufacturing process of a product and has independently determined that the final product complies with specific standards for safety, quality or performance

Question 39

tolerable upper limit (UL)

Answer 39

the maximum daily intake levels at which no risk of adverse health effects is expected for almost all individuals in the general population— including sensitive individuals—when the nutrient is consumed over long periods of time.

Question 40

vis medicatrix naturae

Answer 40

the healing force of nature, is the underlying precept of holistic medicine. The philosophy states that when a person lives according to the laws of nature, the body has the ability to self-heal or the overall health of the individual will improve.