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Medical Nutrition Therapy > Chapter 32: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 32: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

A group of interrelated diseases that include atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure (HF)

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2
Q

atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)

A

Involves the narrowing of small blood vessels that oxygenate the heart muscle by the build-up of plaque

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3
Q

plaque

A

The lesion in the blood vessels

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4
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

AKA heart attack

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5
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

AKA stroke

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6
Q

endothelial cells

A

The inner lining of cells

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7
Q

nitric oxide (NO)

A

Nitric oxide is a soluble gas continually synthesized from the amino acid L-arginine in endothelial cells. NO has a wide range of biologic properties that maintain vascular homeostasis

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8
Q

foam cell

A

A type of macrophage that localize to fatty deposits on blood vessel walls

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9
Q

fatty streaks

A

The first grossly visible (visible to the naked eye) lesion in the development of atherosclerosis

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10
Q

atheroma

A

A protective fibrin layer that forms between fatty deposits and the artery lining

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11
Q

thrombus

A

Blood clot

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12
Q

angina

A

Chest pain

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13
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

A temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke.

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14
Q

ischemia

A

Inadequate blood supply

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15
Q

dyslipidemia

A

A blood lipid profile that increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis

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16
Q

low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

A

Sometimes called “bad” cholesterol, makes up most of your body’s cholesterol. High levels of LDL cholesterol raise your risk for heart disease and stroke.

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17
Q

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

Sometimes called “good” cholesterol, absorbs cholesterol and carries it back to the liver. The liver then flushes it from the body. High levels of HDL cholesterol can lower your risk for heart disease and stroke.

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18
Q

lipoproteins

A

Complex made up of lipids and proteins. Lipids are not water soluble, and so they are carried in the blood bound to a protein in this complex. Lipoproteins are manufactured in the liver, vary in composition, size, and density

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19
Q

very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

A

VLDL contains the highest amount of triglycerides.

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20
Q

chylomicrons

A

Transport dietary fat and cholesterol from the small intestine to the liver and periphery

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21
Q

apolipoproteins

A

Carry lipids in the blood and also control the metabolism of the lipoprotein molecule

22
Q

intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL)

A

Atherogenic and are taken up by receptors on the liver or converted to LDLs.

23
Q

hypertriglyceridemia

A

High triglyceride levels

24
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

Triglyceride measurements are now considered along with glucose intolerance, hypertension, low HDL cholesterol and high HDL cholesterol as part of the metabolic syndrome

25
Q

familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)

A

A genetic disorder characterized by elevated LDL cholesterol and premature CVD, with a prevalence of approximately one in 200 to 500 for heterozygotes in North America and Europe

26
Q

xanthomas

A

Cholesterol deposits from LDL

27
Q

familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL)

A

The most prevalent primary dyslipidemia. FCHL is characterized by fluctuations in serum lipid concentrations and may present as mixed hyperlipidemia, isolated hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, or as a normal serum lipid profile in combination with abnormally elevated levels of apolipoprotein B

28
Q

familial dysbetalipoproteinemia

A

Relatively uncommon. Type III hyperlipoproteinemia

29
Q

angiography aka cardiac catheterization

A

A more definitive, invasive test in which a dye is injected into the arteries, and radiographic images of the heart are obtained

30
Q

C-reactive protein

A

Synthesized in the liver as the acute-phase response to inflammation

31
Q

homocysteine

A

An amino acid metabolite of methionine

32
Q

trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)

A

A gut microbiota-dependent metabolite that contributes to heart disease. It is produced by the liver after intestinal bacteria have digested animal protein

33
Q

Mediterranean diet (MeD)

A

Common features of the diet such as greater number of servings of fruits and vegetables with an emphasis on root vegetables and greens, whole grains, fatty fish, lower amounts of red meat and an emphasis on lean meats, lower-fat dairy products, abundant nuts and legumes, and use of olive oil, canola oil, nut oil, or margarine blended with rapeseed oil or flaxseed oil

34
Q

trans fatty acids

A

Stereoisomers of the naturally occurring cis-linoleic acid

35
Q

bile acid sequestrants

A

A class of drug that adsorbs bile acids

36
Q

statins

A

A class of drug that inhibit the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis

37
Q

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA)

A

A class of drug that inhibit the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis

38
Q

hypertension

A

Persistently high arterial blood pressure, the force exerted per square unit area on the walls of the arteries

39
Q

systolic blood pressure (SBP)

A

The upper reading in the blood pressure measurement, is the force exerted on the walls of the blood vessels as the heart contracts and pushes blood out of its chambers

40
Q

diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

A

The lower reading in the blood pressure measurement, measures the force as the heart relaxes between contractions

41
Q

essential hypertension

A

Hypertension of unknown cause

42
Q

secondary hypertension

A

Hypertension that arises as the result of another disease, usually endocrine

43
Q

blood pressure

A

The resistance in the blood vessels to the flow of blood

44
Q

renin-angiotensin system (RAS)

A

Physiological system that regulates blood pressure

45
Q

dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH)

A

A dietary pattern emphasizing fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, whole grains, lean meats, and nuts

46
Q

heart failure (HF)

A

The heart cannot provide adequate blood flow to the rest of the body

47
Q

dyspnea

A

Shortness of breath

48
Q

B-natriuretic peptide (BNP)

A

Secreted by the ventricles in response to pressure and is predictive of the severity of HF and mortality at any level of BMI

49
Q

cardiac cachexia

A

The end result of heart failure in 10% to 15% of patients. It is defined as involuntary weight loss of at least 6% of nonedematous body weight during a 6-month period

50
Q

left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)

A

Enlargement of the left ventricle of the heart

51
Q

edema

A

Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body’s tissues

Medical Nutrition Therapy (39 decks)

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