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Intro to Research Methods > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the sources of research ideas?

A
  1. Systematic Observations
  2. Unsystematic Experiences
  3. Applied issues
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2
Q
  1. Systematic observations
A

inspiration from research that has already been done
- will either strengthen or weaken an existing theory
- will replicate and modify an existing study
- contains a limitations paragraph
- potential to contain a failing replication

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3
Q

what happens when you replicate and modify a study

A

rerun the study and change things slightly
- if the results seem unbelievable then you may rerun the study exactly again
( alot of studies will directly ask for you to rerum their studies)

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4
Q

what is contained in a limitations paragraph?

A
  • how the study could be run better
  • is found toward the end of the paper
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5
Q

what is a failing replication?

A

when the study contains fraudulent data or the study was made up

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6
Q
  1. Unsystematic Experiences
A
  • draws inspiration from unplanned experiences
    ex.) Elon Musk smokes week on live show and Tesla Stock drops,, Why does this happen?
    ex.) I prefer starbucks over dunkin… Why?
    ex.) I woke up early today… Why?
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7
Q
  1. applies issues
A

takes inspiration from a problem with a researchable solution
ex) childhood obesity
- effectiveness of healthy school lunches on weight
- observation of what healthy snacks kids enjoy the most
- survey parents perceptions of sugary drinks

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8
Q

how do we develop good research questions?

A

your ideas need to be answerable
(bad example: do dogs talk in barks?)
your ideas cannot be too broad
(bad example: do animals communicate with humans?)
questions need to be defined

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9
Q

how do you define a question?

A

-operational definition
- undefined variables
- operationally defined variables

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10
Q

what is an operational definition?

A

defining a variable according to how it is measured

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11
Q

what is an example of undefined variables?

A

do active people sleep better?

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12
Q

what is an example of an operationally defined variable?

A

does burning more calories help you fall asleep in less time

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13
Q

what should you do once you find a topic you want to research?

A

review literature

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14
Q

what do you do when reviewing literature?

A
  • read relevant articles about your topic
  • avoid studies that need duplication
  • gets idea from the study
    - operational definition
    - data collection methods
    - (Google Scholar)
  • avoid secondary sources
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15
Q

why are secondary sources bad?

A

you can start here but don’t end here because it the information is very watered down
- can be incomplete, opinionated, or inaccurate

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16
Q

why are primary sources the best way to get information

A
  • they contain all of the information you need to replicate a study
  • they are accurate and reliable
  • they are edited and checked by independent editors (journals)
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17
Q

What is a Journal?

A

a themed collection of scientific articles
- not all journals are the same quality

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18
Q

what makes a journal higher quality?

A

impact factors

19
Q

what is an impact factor?

A

how much of a “splash” that the journal makes
- a rating for how often the average article in that journal is cited by other scientists

20
Q

what is considered a bad impact factor rating?

A

less than 1

21
Q

what is considered a good impact factor rating?

A

1-5

22
Q

what is considered a great impact factor rating?

A

above 5

23
Q

how do scientific journals make their money

A

they charge thousands of dollars a year for subscriptions
(usually colleges or institutions will pay the fee for all of their students to have access)

24
Q

what are some electronic databases you can use for research

A
  • google scholar
  • Jstor
  • centre library pace
    -science direct
25
Q

when you read a research paper you should..

A

read it like you are buying it
- look at the author and their degree, and university affilitation
- look at date of publication

26
Q

what is the order of the content of the research paper

A
  1. abstract
  2. intro
  3. methods
  4. results
  5. discussion
  6. refrences
27
Q

what is included in the abstract?

A

the summary of the paper

28
Q

what is included in the intro?

A

background and purpose

29
Q

what is included in the methods section of a research paper?

A

participants, materials, procedures, and data analysis

30
Q

what is included in the results section of a research paper?

A

the data

31
Q

what is in the discussion portion of a research paper

A

what the data means

32
Q

what is included in the references portion of a research paper?

A

other research used

33
Q

why does science conduct “obvious” research

A
  • statistics matter in confirming something
34
Q

what makes a paper publishable?

A

statistical significance

35
Q

researchers make claims about data like…

A

(treatment A caused X to happen)
(Group A did worse than B)

36
Q

what do we use statistical tests for?

A

find the likelihood of these claims being correct
“how do we know something?” through numbers

37
Q

what are statistical coincidences?

A

when results happen by accident
(sometimes a scientific discovery can be claimed but really it was just a lucky coincidence)

38
Q

example of statistical coincidences

A

power posing
- scientist claimed that they saw a difference in people who were powerposing and those who didn’t
- but no other researcher ever could duplicate the statistics

39
Q

what is probability value?

A

how we can calculate the odds of a result occurring by accident with statistics (p value, p, sig.)
aka the statistical odds that a result occurred by accident

40
Q

what can the p value be in order for a study to be statistically significant

A

less than or equal to .05

41
Q

p value is also called:

A

alpha value

42
Q

what is a benefit to peer reviewing?

A

stops coincedental results

43
Q

journals require that new articles are reviewed by 2-3 content experts, then they…

A

they then provide advice to a journal about wether or not to publish and they give authors feedback

44
Q

what are issues to peer reviewers

A

reviewers can be biased
- theory discrimination
- author discrimination
(but journals allow you to choose who you want to read your research)

Intro to Research Methods (9 decks)

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