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Intro to Research Methods > Quiz 4 Flashcards > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

the data that you collect will depend on…

A

who is supplying it

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2
Q

what is an example of dependent data?

A

have you supported the arts in the past year?
- the involvement data collected will depend on the education level of the participants that were asked

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3
Q

what is a sample?

A

the group of people that you actually collect data from

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4
Q

where does a sample come from?

A

your study population

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5
Q

what is a population?

A

people who couldve been in your sample
- a general group of people who your study will represent

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6
Q

what is an example of a sample

A

your friends on campus

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7
Q

what is an example of a population?

A

Centre college students that you know

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8
Q

what population does our class represent?

A

psychology and BNS majors

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9
Q

what is the goal when choosing a sample?

A

a sample who is a good representative of the population

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10
Q

why is it important to have a sample that represents the population

A

it increases generalizability
(note that this can be very difficult)

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11
Q

why is it hard to get a sample that represents an entire population?

A

often we have to settle for who or what we have easy access to
aka convenience sample

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12
Q

a convenience sample for us specifically could be,

A

centre college students, however the issue with this is that there are 19M college students in the world and centre may not represent all of them well because it is in a rural area, it is much smaller than average

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13
Q

what are ways that you can sample a population?

A
  • random sampling
  • nonrandom sampling
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14
Q

what is random sampling?

A

(the best way to sample)
every person in the population has an equal chance to be chosen
(this is difficult for large populations where it is difficult to know everyone) ex. the centre college population

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15
Q

why is random sampling difficult?

A

you have to have a full list of every person in the population and their contact info

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16
Q

what is nonrandom sampling?

A

(the most common method) you use whoever is available and willing. ex.) psych 110 students

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17
Q

what is a potential issue with nonrandom sampling

A

often the participants are overwhelmingly WEIRD
Western
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
Democratic

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18
Q

why is having overwhelmingly WEIRD participants a bad thing?

A

67% of study participants are WERID and only 12% of the world is WEIRD,, this limits generalizability

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19
Q

what does it mean to sell samples?

A

companies like amazon will sell you access to broader samples
- participants will log into the websites and answer surveys for money

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20
Q

why are sold samples biased?

A

many of the people have lower incomes
most of the participants are proficient tech users
participants can lie

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21
Q

what are the different research settings?

A

lab research
field research

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22
Q

what is lab research?

A
  • participants are recruited
  • the participants come to you
  • the research environment is kept the same
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23
Q

what is field research?

A
  • participants are found
  • you go to the participants
  • the research environment is changeable
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24
Q

all participation for studies must be…

A

voluntary

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25
Q

what is a potential problem with volunteers

A

volunteers tend to be different from the average person

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26
Q

what is volunteer bias?

A
  • usually higher educated
  • usually higher social class
  • people who have a need for approval
  • usually more social/arousal seeking people
  • usually more agreeable people
  • more willing to try new things and tolerate stress
27
Q

when do we use deception?

A

when we have questions that require uninformed participants

28
Q

usually participants are … about the study that theyre in

A

informed

29
Q

why would we use deception?

A

reactivity,, sometimes participants behave unnaturally if they know what’s really happening

30
Q

what is an example of where deception was used?

A

the brewer office memory study

31
Q

what are some other examples of when deception would be appropriate to use?

A

looking at shopping behavior
child research
bystander apathy

32
Q

what are the different types of deception?

A

active deception
passive deception

33
Q

what is active deception?

A

-when you are misrepresenting the study on purpose
- adding pseudo subjects
- breaking a promise to the participant
- using placebos without knowledge

34
Q

when you misrepresent the study on purpose you may

A

tell the participant you are studying one thing, when really you are studying another
“we are studying perception”
(we are actually studying conformity)

35
Q

when you break a promise you may…

A

promise the participant a reward for completing the study but really you have no intent of following through (this keeps the participant motivated)

36
Q

when you use pseudosubjects you may…

A

pretend that certain people are subjects, when in reality they are actors who are pretending to be subjects

37
Q

when you use placebos you may…

A

tell people that a certain treatment will work when in reality they are not getting treatment at all

38
Q

what is passive deception?

A
  • you conceal observations
  • use an unrecognized condition
39
Q

when you conceal observations you may…

A

have researchers behind a mirror
or use hidden cameras or other recording devices

40
Q

when you use an unrecognized condition you may…

A

not make the participant aware that there was another condition that they could possibly be in

41
Q

what are some of the problems with using deception?

A

-skeptical participation
-negative attitudes

42
Q

what is skeptical participation?

A
  • when you have a lack of participant trust
  • future involvement in research is reduced
  • the reputations overspill effect
43
Q

what are negative attitudes?

A
  • could cause a loss of self esteem from the participant
  • could cause feelings of being manipulated of shame
    ( if possible we want to limit people feeling terribly)
44
Q

what is an example of an experiment that caused negative attitudes

A

milgram shock experiment

45
Q

if you use deceptions you must

A

debrief

46
Q

what is a debrief?

A

the participant is told the true nature of the study after the fact

47
Q

what are the key components to a debriefing?

A
  • must be done immediately
  • must restore trust, and validate feelings and behavior
48
Q

a debriefing should promote:

A

positive view of science

49
Q

in a proper debriefing it is important to:

A

put honesty above all else

50
Q

what are the 4 holmes debriefing steps?

A
  1. disclosure of the studies true purpose
  2. explanation of the deception used
  3. validate feelings of mistrust
  4. argue for the necessity of deception and the value of the research done
51
Q

what is role playing?

A

can be used as an alternative to deception where participants act as though they are in a particular situation

52
Q

why is role playing a good alternative to deception?

A

participants will usually still behave in a natural way that fits the situation

53
Q

what is an example of a role playing study

A

Zimbardos Stanford Prison experiment

54
Q

what is reactivity?

A

reacting to being in an experiment or being surveyed (people care that theyre being watched)

55
Q

when people are reactive they may be

A

stressed (white coat effect)
motivated to avoid embarrassment
more agreeable with others

56
Q

both participants and researchers can show

A

reactivity

57
Q

what are different components of participant reactivity?

A

demand characteristics
role attitudes

58
Q

what are demand characteristics?

A

cues that suggest to the participants what responses are expected
- participants end up trying to guess the hypothesis of the researcher in order to respond to it correctly

59
Q

what are role attitudes?

A
  • cooperative- acting to please the researcher
  • negative- acting to ruin the experiment
60
Q

what is an example of researcher reactivity?

A

experimenter bias

61
Q

what is experimenter bias?

A

when the researchers expectations influence what is actually observed
(confirmation bias)

62
Q

how can we avoid experimenter bias?

A

double blind research

63
Q

what is double blind research

A

when neither the researcher nor the participant knows what’s being tested

Intro to Research Methods (9 decks)

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