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APES > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a species

A

particular type of organism

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2
Q

what is a population

A

group of individuals that live in a specific region at a particular time

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3
Q

what is evolution

A

changes in population overtime (generation to generation)

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4
Q

what is natural selection

A

when inherited characteristics that enhance survival are passed down more often than characteristics that do not

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5
Q

who is Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

A

explained that natural selection explains the variety of life on Earth

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6
Q

what is adaptation

A

when traits that lead to better reproductive success are passed to other generations

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7
Q

what are mutations

A

accidental changes in DNA

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8
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

when closely related species that live in very different environments diverge in traits and vice versa

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9
Q

what is biodiversity

A

lifes complexity

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10
Q

what is artificial selection

A

when humans select their own direction of selections

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11
Q

what is speciation

A

process in which new species are generated

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12
Q

what is a phylogenetic tree

A

type of tree like graph that represents divergence history

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13
Q

what is a fossil

A

imprint in stoen of a dead organisms

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14
Q

what is the fossil record

A

the cumulative body of fossils worldwide

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15
Q

what is extinction

A

the disappearance of a species on earth

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16
Q

what does it mean when a species is endemic

A

the species does not occur anywhere else on earth besides its own habitat

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17
Q

what is background extinction rate

A

rate at which a species gradually goes extinct

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18
Q

what is a mass extinction event

A

event that wipes out massive numbers of a species all at once

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19
Q

what is a community

A

assemblage of populations of interacting species

20
Q

what is the biosphere

A

total amount of living things on Earth

21
Q

what are ecologists

A

scientists that study relationships in the biosphere

22
Q

what is population ecology

A

examines dynamics of population change

23
Q

what is community ecology

A

focuses on patterns of species diversity

24
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

communities and non living things in which members interact

25
Q

what is ecosystem ecology

A

addresses flow of energy and nutrients

26
Q

what is landscape ecology

A

studies how populations are distributed throughout regions

27
Q

what is a niche

A

organisms functional role in a community

28
Q

what is a specialist

A

species with very specific requirements

29
Q

what is a generalist

A

species with broad tolerance

30
Q

what is a habitat

A

environment where an organisms lives

31
Q

what is habitat selection

A

when a mobile organism choose a habitat to live in

32
Q

what is population size

A

number of organisms present at a time

33
Q

what is population density

A

number of individuals per unit area

34
Q

what is population distribution

A

spatial arrangement of organisms in an area

35
Q

what is a sex ratio

A

the proportion of males to females

36
Q

what is age structure

A

relative number of individuals of different ages in a poplulation

37
Q

what is the formula for natural increase

A

birth rate - death rate

38
Q

what is the formula for population growth rate

A

(birthrate - deathrate) + (immigration rate - emigration)

39
Q

what is exponential growth

A

when a population grows at a fixed percentage every year

40
Q

what are limiting factors

A

factors that limit growth

41
Q

what is carrying capacity

A

maximum population size

42
Q

what is logistic growth

A

when a population growing at an exponential rate slows and is brought to a standstill

43
Q

what is a density independent limiting factor

A

influence is independent of population density

44
Q

what is a density dependent limiting factor

A

limiting factors that depend on population density

45
Q

what is the life history theory

A

explains how natural selection influences patterns in reproduction, survival, and life span

46
Q

what is ecotourisms

A

when a place’s natural areas attract tourists to it

APES (17 decks)

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