Chapter 3

Question 1

A system of moral principals and standards that protect participants and researchers.

Answer 1

Ethics

Question 2

The associations responsible for guiding ethical research

Answer 2

American Psychological Association and Canadian Psychological Association

Question 3

How does validity and ethics intertwine?

Answer 3

Ensures that participants don’t feel coerced or unsafe during the experiment. When a participant feels unsafe or coerced they might change their responses.

Question 4

What were the first five ethical considerations in scientific research? (post Nuremberg code)

Answer 4

1. Consent must be voluntary, and they can withdraw at any time
2. Inform participants about study’s purpose and potential risks
3. all unnecessary risks should be avoided
4. Should yield results that benefit society
5. only qualified scientists can do research

Question 5

An ethics code that provides the foundation for U.S. federal regulations for conducting research on humans that was created after the Tuskegee Syphilis study.

Answer 5

Belmont report

Question 6

A study conducted by the U.S. government on black men with advanced syphilis, but they refrained from giving them the cure. Many individuals died.

Answer 6

Tuskegee Syphilis study

Question 7

Three prinicpals of ethics as identified by the Belmont report

Answer 7

respect for persons, beneficence, and justice

Question 8

Belmont Report guidelines purpose

Answer 8

Obtaining consent, assessing risks and benefits for participants, and fairly selecting participants

Question 9

Current code for U.S. federal ethics and criteria for experiments on human subjects

Answer 9

Common Rule

Question 10

What is considered human subjects research

Answer 10

Any experiment that involves intervention, interaction, gathering of private information or the potential to identify an individual from the information on a living person

Question 11

APA ethics code

Answer 11

general ethical prinicples and standards for psychologists

Question 12

General principals of APA ethics code

Answer 12

Beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect

Question 13

The principal of not causing harm and benefiting those they experiment on

Answer 13

beneficence and nonmaleficence

Question 14

behaving in a trustworthy manner

Answer 14

fidelity

Question 15

adhering to profesional codes of conduct and not exploiting people

Answer 15

responsibility

Question 16

psychologists should be honest and truthful. No fraud

Answer 16

integrity

Question 17

the benefits of their research should be available to everyone and treat all fairly

Answer 17

justice

Question 18

understand and practice privacy, confidentiality, rights, and self-determination

Answer 18

respect

Question 19

An independent institutional committee that evaluates whether proposed research with humans are within federal regulations

Answer 19

Institutional Review Board

Question 20

IRB members

Answer 20

1. One member not part of the institution
2. on member with a science background
3. one member without a science background

Question 21

IRB responsibilities

Answer 21

1. approving studies
2. disproving studies
3. requiring investigators to resubmit studies

Question 22

Research that are eligible for exemption from some sections of Common Rule regulations because they use either publicly available information or their identities will not be known

Answer 22

exempt research

Question 23

An intervention that is brief, harmless, painless, not invasive, no lasting impact and not embarrassing

Answer 23

benign behavioural intervention

Question 24

When only one member and the chair can approve a study because it has minimal risk

Answer 24

expedited review

Question 25

Assessment for the possible benefits that might out weight the risks of an experiment

Answer 25

risk/benefit ratio

Question 26

The concept that a study has very little potential to do harm

Answer 26

minimal risk

Question 27

Certain groups are more at risk like...

Answer 27

Elders, children, military, sick, newly diagnosed patients

Question 28

The potential for pain, injury or discomfort

Answer 28

physical harm

Question 29

the potential for negative emotions, threats to self-esteem, or distress

Answer 29

psychological harm

Question 30

the potential for personal information to be disclosed

Answer 30

risk of social harm or loss of privacy

Question 31

When a participant's identity is unknown

Answer 31

anonymity

Question 32

participants identities will not be released without their consent

Answer 32

confidentiality

Question 33

Nothing in an experiment should be illegal of financially debilitating

Answer 33

risk of economic or legal harm

Question 34

The principal the people must be told that they are participating in an experiment and what the experiment is doing

Answer 34

informed consent

Question 35

Informed consent must include

Answer 35

summary of key information, purpose an nature of research, anticipated risks, anticipated benefits, alternative procedures or treatments, confidentially, compensation , future use of information, contact information, ability to discontinue at anytime

Question 36

Institutional review board

Answer 36

a board in an organization that evaluates the ethics of an experiment

Question 37

Why do we study animals

Answer 37

Animals age faster than humans, you can get more experimental control, somethings you can't ethically do to a human

Question 38

Why do we study animals

Answer 38

Animals age faster than humans, you can get more experimental control, somethings you can't ethically do to a human

Question 39

All sentient being have inherent value and moral standing. Hence, they cannot be used by humans for whatever they want to.

Answer 39

Inherent-rights perspective

Question 40

All beings have a moral standing but some have a lower standing than others.

Answer 40

Utilitarian perspectives

Question 41

Humans are obligated to treat animals humanely, but animals are not humans. Hence, animals do not have the same moral standing as animals.

Answer 41

pro-use perspectives

Question 42

An act that regulates the use of warm-blooded vertebrates in scientific research

Answer 42

Animal welfare act

Question 43

Institutional Animal care and use committee

Answer 43

a group that review animal research for compliance with the law

Question 44

Three Rs of animal research

Answer 44

Reduction, Refinement and Replacement

Question 45

Reducing the number of animals used

Answer 45

Reduction

Question 46

Use the least amount of animals possible

Answer 46

refinement

Question 47

use anything else but an animal

Answer 47

replacement

Question 48

Factors in Scientific integrity

Answer 48

1. No false or deceptive statements 2. Report all data 3. Do not falsify data 4. Report methods 5. Don't plagiarize

Question 49

Taking credit for someone else's work or ideas

Answer 49

Plagirarism