Chapter 7

Question 1

Using questionnaires and interviews to gather information about people

Answer 1

survey

Question 2

All the cases of interest

Answer 2

population

Question 3

A group from the population

Answer 3

sample

Question 4

A list of names that the sample can be taken from and represents the operational definition of the population

Answer 4

sampling frame

Question 5

Order of finding your sample

Answer 5

Population > Sampling frame > Sample

Question 6

A sample that reflects the population

Answer 6

representative sample

Question 7

a sample that does not reflect important characteristics of the population and can create confounding variables.

Answer 7

nonrepresentative or biased sample

Question 8

The average amount of cases in a population who complete the survey

Answer 8

response rate

Question 9

Limitations of surveys

Answer 9

1. Cannot examine cause-effect reactions
2. Poor sampling creates poor results
3. Everything is self-reported, so there is no guarantee that the responses are their actual beliefs

Question 10

A tendency to respond in a way that a person feels is socially appropriate, rather than as they truly feel

Answer 10

social desirability bias

Question 11

Each member of the population has a chance of being selected. The probability of each member can be changed

Answer 11

Probability sampling

Question 12

Each member of the population has a chance of being selected. The probability of each member being selected cannot be changed

Answer 12

nonprobability sampling

Question 13

Every member of the sampling frame has an equal probability of being chosen

Answer 13

simple random sampling

Question 14

Using demographic statistics to increase the probability that certain members will be selected

Answer 14

stratified random sampling

Question 15

Statistical units that contain certain members of the population are identified to be randomly selected from

Answer 15

cluster sampling

Question 16

All participants in the randomly selected cluster are chosen to participate

Answer 16

single-stage cluster sampling

Question 17

A social unit that can be randomly selected or have participants selected from

Answer 17

cluster

Question 18

The use of two or more stages of sampling to select participants

Answer 18

multistage sampling

Question 19

Members of a population are selected nonrandomly for inclusion in a sample on the basis of convenience

Answer 19

convenience sampling

Question 20

A sample is nonrandomly selected to match a specific quota

Answer 20

quota sampling

Question 21

Occurs when participants who are currently in a specific situation agree to be a part of the sample

Answer 21

self-selection

Question 22

Researchers select a sample according to a specific goal or purpose

Answer 22

purposive sampling

Question 23

Researchers identify experts to participate

Answer 23

expert sampling

Question 24

People contacted to participate are asked to contact more people to participate. (like a pyramid scheme)

Answer 24

snowball sampling

Question 25

Chance differences in the characteristics of samples that occur when randomly selecting samples from a population

Answer 25

sampling variability

Question 26

When there is a margin of error in the characteristics of the selected participants

Answer 26

margin of sampling error

Question 27

The degree of confidence that the sample reflects the true population

Answer 27

confidence level

Question 28

Causes of sampling error

Answer 28

1. Chance fluctuations when statistics are used to estimate population clusters 2. Population selection

Question 29

Advantages of face-to-face interviews

Answer 29

1. achieve higher response rates then other forms of getting participants 2. can establish a personal rapport to encourage response to sensitive questions 3. ensure all participants answer the questions in the same other 4. can identify any verbal or facial cues that occur due to uncertainty

Question 30

Limitations of face-to-face interviews

Answer 30

1. high cost 2. differences in delivery of questions 3. participant cannot remember the question 4. general characteristics of the interviewer

Question 31

Anything that distorts the participant's response that are characteristics of the interviewer

Answer 31

interviewer effects

Question 32

Why we don't use telephone surveys that often

Answer 32

1. can't establish rapport, uses computers 2. mentally taxing to listen to a computer 3. can't evaluate facial cues 4. Many people don't have landlines, and cellphone users respond differently then landline users

Question 33

Why we don't do mail surveys

Answer 33

1. high cost 2. not many finish it / low response rate

Question 34

Advantages of online survey

Answer 34

1. low cost 2. faster 3. can use online social networks to find people

Question 35

limitations of online survey

Answer 35

1. lower response rate 2. no interaction with the participant 3. participant inattention to answers

Question 36

When an online survey goes up on the web for people to randomly come across

Answer 36

online convenience sampling

Question 37

Using Internet services to find participants. So online services like youtube survey their users

Answer 37

crowdsourcing

Question 38

a collection of people who have consented to be contacted to take survey are contacted

Answer 38

online opt-in survey panels

Question 39

When people who were selected but didn't participate in a survey would have provided significantly different answers

Answer 39

nonresponse bias

Question 40

When people who were selected but didn't participate in a survey would have provided significantly different answers

Answer 40

nonresponse bias

Question 41

Steps to make a survey

Answer 41

1. understand research goals 2. identify variables of interest 3. consider limitations 4. develop questions 5. pretest 6. revise

Question 42

Raters using the same coding system agree on how to score participants

Answer 42

interrater reliability

Question 43

Questions that lead responsders to an answer

Answer 43

leading questions

Question 44

Emotionally charged questions

Answer 44

loaded question

Question 45

Asking two questions at once

Answer 45

double-barreled questions

Question 46

question phrasing that contains two negatives

Answer 46

double negatives

Question 47

When the placement of a question changes the results

Answer 47

order effects

Question 48

when responses are influenced by items around the question

Answer 48

context effects