Chapter 3 Flashcards by Madelyn Frens

Biological function of respiration

gas exchange

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Secondary function of respiration

energy source for the production of speech

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Quiet and forced are parts of?

Inspiration

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Passive and active are parts of?

Expiration

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Quiet inspiration

Inspiration that involves minimal muscular activity, primarily that of the diaphragm (diaphragm is not stressed)

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Forced inspiration

Purposeful use of the muscles of inspiration to inhale more deeply (active contraction of the diaphragm)

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Passive expiration

Elasticity of muscles restored to the system to neural following inspiration (impacted by gravity)

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Active expiration

Use muscular effort to expel more air (active contraction of abdominals)

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Characteristics of respiration in infants

Lungs completely fill the thorax, no residual volume, 25 million alveoli, 40-60 breath cycles per minute

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Characteristics of respiration in adults

Lungs stretch out to fill the thorax, residual volume, 300 million alveoli, 12-18 breath cycles per minute

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How much mL of air do adults fill up per cycle? How much does exercise require?

500 mL (can fill a pint glass) and 20x quiet breathing for exercise

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What are the 3 parts of respiataion?

Ventilation, diffusion, perfusion

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Ventilation

Movement of air in the respiratory pathway (flow of air in and out)

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Diffusion

Pushing gas or air through the alveolar capillary membrane (alveoli and particles in and out)

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Perfusion

Migration of gas though a barrier at the level of cell and tissue (blood flow out to the rest of the body)

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Spirometer

Measures volume of air that is displaced (cc)

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Manometer

Measures pressure (cm/H20)

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Atmospheric pressure

Pressure arising from force of gravity on air molecules of atmosphere

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Intraoral pressure

Pressure within the mouth (intra-oral and subglottal are same if vocal folds are open)

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Sub glottal pressure

Pressure below level of vocal folds (trachea) - the glottis which is the area in between the vocal folds needs to be closed if we want good sub glottal pressure)

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Intrapleural pressure

Pressure between visceral (lung) and costal (rib) pleurae

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Pulmonic pressure

Pressure within the lungs and specifically in the alveoli

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If the who respiratory passageway is open and at rest (unrestricted) than….?

Atmospheric pressure = intraoral pressure = subglottal pressure = alveolar pressure

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What happens to the pressure inside the lungs when the diaphran contracts which pulls down and creates more space in the chest/abdoment?

Pressure decreases

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What happens to the pressure inside the lungs when the abdominals reduce the space and the diaphragm relaxes and goes up reducing the space of the lungs?

Pressure increases

How does pressure move?

From areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

What is tidal respiration?

The volume of air exchange in 1 cycle of quiet breathing

What is the average tidal volume for an adult?

500 mL (16 oz)

1700 mL

1700 cc

1700 mL

1.7 L

Minute volume

The volume of air exchange in 1 minute

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

The extra volume of air that can be inhaled after the tidal volume (sip in more air) - 3L

Tidal Volume

The volume of air that we take in during inspiration (quiet breathing in and out) - 0.5 L

Expiratory Reserve Volyme

The volume of air that can be expired following tidal expiration (exhale extra air) - 1L

Residual Volume

The volume of air left over in the lungs after maximum expiration (we can't access this air) - 1.2 L

Dead Space Air

The volume of air that is in the spaces of the airway passages that do not contain alveoli (air in trachea and nasal cavities)

Inspiratory Capactity

IC = TV + IRV (the maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration

Vital Capacity

VC = IRV + TV + ERV (the volume of air that can be inhaled following maximum exhalation)

Functional Residual Capacity

FRC= ERV + RV (the volume of air in the body at the end of passive exhalation - everything left over after tidal volume)

Total Lung Capacity

TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV (the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume-- everything)

What decreases with age?

Vital Capacity & lung complice/elacticity

What stays the same with age?

Total lung capacity

What increases with age?

Residual volume

What are the 2 variables affecting breath support for speech?

1. Posture/position & 2. muscle strength

Effects of posture on the sitting postiton

Gravity assists breathing as it pulls the diaphragm down to help inspiration and pulls the rib cage down to help expiration

Effects of posute in the supine position

Gravity harms breathing as it pulls the diaphragm toward the spine and up into the chest (smashes lungs down)

How did SLP's place patients during COVID-19?

Prone position

Effects of muscles of inspiration with decreased function

Lungs do not inflate to the fullest capacity, total lung capacity is decreased, needs to work against gravity

Effects of muscles of expiration with decreased function

Residual volume increases making less space in the lungs for inspiration, prone to respiratory distress and pneumonia

What drives the movement of the vocal folds?

Subglottal pressure

What is the driving pressure of conversational speech?

7 to 10 H20

What creates syllable stress, pitch changes, and vocal intensity?

Small and fast bursts of subglottal pressure (pressure pushes emphasis on different sounds)

What allows for controlled exhalation for sustaining speech production?

Control of the abdominal muscles

% passive respiration

Inhalation = 40% & Expiration = 60%

% respiration for speech

Inhalation = 10% & Expiration + 90%

What is checking action?

When you impede the flow of air of your inflated lungs by the means of the muscles that got it there in the first place (the muscles of inspiration)- This helps maintain constant flow of air through the vocal tract and sustains breath for speech (a short burst of air = poor checking action)

Hypoxia

An absence of enough oxygen in the tissues to sustain bodily functions

Anoxia

More temporary absence of oxygen

Is COPD chronic or acute?

Cronic

Is sinusitis chronic or acute?

Acute

Is tonsillitis chronic or acute?

Acute

Is asthma chronic or acute?

Chronic

Is lung cancer chronic or acute?

Chronic

Is laryngitis chronic or acute?

Acute

Is pneumonia chronic or acute?

Acute

Is sleep apnea chronic or acute?

Chronic

Tracheostomy

The hole that is made with the tube

Tracheotomy

The procedure of putting in the tube

What is a prime example of a patient with hypoxia?

A covid patient needed to get intubated to return back to having enough O2