Chapter 3 Flashcards
Causal factors and viewpoints (44 cards)
- Etiology
o Factors that are related to the development (or cause) of a particular disorder
- Adoption Method
o Comparison of biological and adoptive relatives with an without a given disorder to assess genetic versus environmental influences
- Association Studies
o Genetic research strategy comparing frequency of certain genetic markers known to be located on particular chromosomes in people with and without a particular disorder
- Attachment Theory
o Contemporary developmental and psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of early experience with attachment relationships in laying the foundation for later functioning throughout life
- Attribution
o Process of assigning causes to things that happen
- Behavior Genetics
o Field that studies the heritability of mental disorders and other aspects of psychological functioning such as personality and intelligence.
- Biopsychosocial Viewpoint
o A viewpoint that acknowledges the interacting roles of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors in the origins of psychopathology.
- Chromosomes
o a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
- Classical Conditioning
o A basic form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UR). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR)>
- Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective
o A theory of abnormal behavior that focuses on how thoughts and information processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behavior
- Concordance Rate
o The rate of twins sharing a disorder or trait
- Cortisol
o Human stress hormone released by the cortex of the adrenal glands
- Developmental Psychopathology
o Field of psychology that focuses on determining what is abnormal at any point in the developmental process by comparing and contrasting it with normal and expected changes that occur.
- Developmental Systems Approach
o Acknowledgment that genetic activity influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, and that these influences are bidirectional
- Diathesis-Stress Models
o View of abnormal behavior as the result of stress operating an individual who has a biological, psychosocial, or sociocultural predisposition to developing a specific disorder.
- Discrimination
o Ability to interpret and respond differently to two or more similar stimuli.
- Ego-Defense Mechanisms
o Psychic mechanisms that discharge or soothe anxiety rather than coping directly with an anxiety-provoking situation, usually unconscious and reality distorting. Also called defense mechanisms.
- Extinction
o Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when it is no longer reinforced.
- Generalization
o Tendency of a response that has been conditioned to one stimulus to be elicited by other, similar stimuli.
- Genes
o Long molecules of DNA that are present at various locations on chromosomes and that are responsible for the transmission of hereditary traits.
- Genotype-environment Correlation
o Genotypic vulnerability that can shape a child’s environmental experiences.
- Genotype-Environment Interaction
o Differential sensitivity or susceptibility to their environment by people who have different genotypes
- Hikikomori
o a condition characterized by severe and prolonged social withdrawal
- Hormones
o Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands that regulate development of and activity in various parts of the body
