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Bio 111 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

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2
Q

The two basic types of secondary structure are?

A

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

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3
Q

Stereoisomer

A

identical bonding relationships but 3s shape

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4
Q

What functional groups are found at the N-terminus and the C-terminus of a polypeptide?

A

An amino group @ N-terminus

A carboxyl group at the C-terminus

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5
Q

Disulfide bridges are covalent bonds between what groups with polypeptide chanins?

A

Sulfhydryl

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6
Q

The three dimensional shape of a polypeptide is the?

A

TERTIARY STRUCTURE

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7
Q

When fatty acids are linked to glycerol what bond is formed?

A

ester

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8
Q

Starch and glgcogen are used for storing what inside living cells?

A

energy

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9
Q

What is the lipid wax for?

A

create a barrier to water loss

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10
Q

What is the lipid fats for?

A

Energy storage

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11
Q

What is the lipid phospholipids for?

A

plasma membrane structure

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12
Q

What is the lipid steroids for?

A

Form hormones important for reproduction

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13
Q

What are the functional groups?

A

Groups of atoms with characteristic chemical features and properties. They are attached to carbon foundations

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14
Q

What type of bond can form between two cysteines to stabilize a protein structure?

A

disulfide bond

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15
Q

Monosaccharides can assume what two structures?

A

Linear or ring

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16
Q

Fats or triglycerides are composed of?

A

glycerol covalently bound to three fatty acids

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17
Q

What type of bond forms between two sugar molecules?

A

glycosidic

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18
Q

What type of chemical reaction can break down a polysaccharide into monosaccharides?

A

hydrolysis

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19
Q

What type of isomer have the same atoms in different bonding relationships?

A

Structural

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20
Q

What three polysaccharides play a structural role in organisms?

A

chitin(insetcts’ exo skel and crustaceans shells), cellulose (plants) and glycosaminoglycans (structural in animals)

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21
Q

What is it called when large molecules are made from smaller molecules?

A

macromolecules

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22
Q

What type of chemical reaction is it if you are adding H2O in?

A

hydrolysis

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23
Q

a protein is made of one or more?

A

polypeptide

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24
Q

During synthesis of a triglyceride, what is attached to glycerol in each dehydration reactions?

A

a fatty acid

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25
Starch is found in what type of cells?
plant (for energy storage)
26
Glycogen is found in what cells?
animals (for energy storage)
27
Which parts of a phospholipid make up the polar head?
phosphate group, glycerol backbone and charged nitrogen-containing region
28
What are the four categories of macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
29
What type of monomers are combined to form carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
30
When many monosaccharides are linked to form polymers they are called?
polysaccherides
31
RNA differs from DNA due to having what base and not having what base?
having uracil and not having T
32
The amount of energy a fat contains is determined by how many bonds it has between _____ atoms and _______ atoms.
carbon and hydrogen
33
The four nitrogenous bases present in DNA are?
T,C,G and A
34
What is a description of the chemical structure of a typical amino acid found in protein?
A central carbon atom is bound to an amino group, carboxyl group, a side chain and a hydrogen atom
35
Cellulose is?
Cell wall of plants
36
Starch is?
energy storage in plants
37
Chitin
Exoskeleton of insects and crutaceans and the cell wall of fungi
38
glycogen
energy storage in animals
39
glycosaminoglycan
extracellular matrix and cartilage of animals
40
What are the three chemical elements that are found in all carbohydrates?
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
41
The three basic components of a nucleotide are?
pentose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base
42
How many shells of electrons does carbon have?
2
43
Lipids are molecules composed of?
Hydrogen and carbon
44
arrange in size from small to large the following carbohydrates Monosaccharide polysacchride disaccharide
monosaccharide disaccharide polysaccharide
45
In a peptide bond which parts of two amino acids are joined?
The amino group of one with the carboxly group of the other
46
Between what two atoms are the peptide bonds located in the backbone of a polypeptide?
Carbon and nitrogen
47
Does hydrogen and carbon forma a nonpolar bond with carbon?
Yes
48
Organic molecules contain ________ and ar found in all forms of life.
carbon
49
Does DNA contain adenine and guanine?
Yes
50
Does DNA contain cytosine and uracil?
No
51
Does DNA contain deoxyribose?
Yes
52
What process is responsible for linking amino acids together to form polypeptides?
Dehydration reactions
53
The four main elements that make up proteins are?
carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen
54
identify two major classes of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
55
What are the major classes of lipids?
phospholipids, waxes, steroids and fats
56
Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that are _____ in water?
insoluble
57
carbohydrate monomers are know as?
monosaccharides
58
What are the four bases of RNA?
Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine and Adenine
59
A chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at one end is?
fatty acid
60
Fats are also called ------------ contain three fatty acids attached to glycerol
triglycerides
61
How are fats synthesized?
dehydration synthesis links three fatty acids to glycerol
62
phospholipids form ______________ because this is energetically most favorable for these molecules in a aqueous enviroment
bilayers
63
What type of monomers are combined to form carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
64
What is a fatty acid?
a chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at one end
65
Hydrolysis reaction?
the process by which a polymer is broken down because a molecule of water is added back in
66
What are carbohydrates composed of?
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
67
Monosaccharides?
- simplest sugars | - can be in linear or ring shapes
68
Disaccharides?
- meaning two sugars - monosaccharides joined by dehydration (glycosidic bond) - ex. sucrose(table sugar)
69
Glycosidic bond?
formed between two sugars molecules by dehydration
70
polysaccharides?
- many sugars | - hundred of glucose hooked together
71
hydroxyl group
-OH
72
carboxyl group
-COOH or C=O
73
Amino Group
-NH2
74
phosphate group
-OPO3 or -PO4^2-
75
Sulfhydryl group
-SH
76
cis- isomers
-two hydrogen and two carbon atoms are bonded with the hydrogen on the same side of the C=C
77
Trans- isomers
-two hydrogen and two carbon atoms are bonded with the hydrogen on opposite sides of the C=C
78
Enantiomer
- type of sterioisomer | - exists as a pair of molecules that are mirror images
79
Enzymes
molecules that catalyze the rates of chemical reactions such as needed in digestion
80
Monomers
- meaning one part | - can be linked to form larger molecules
81
polymers
- many parts - linked monomers - repeating molecule - made by dehydration - broken by hydrolysis
82
Condensation reaction
process of two or more molecules combining into a larger molecule with the loss of a smaller molecule
83
What structure does hormones have?
ring structure and the base structure is made of carbon rings
84
Proteins
- polymer of amino acids - 20 different types - classified by if they are hydrophobic or hydrophillic
85
denature?
- when proteins lose their shape | - it is permanent
86
How do DNA and RNA differ in construction?
RNA contains U, DNA does not | DNA contains T, RNA does not
87
Functional group
- changes the function by being polar - are attaches to a carbon foundation - most organic molecules and macromolecules contain these - (text book definition) groups of atoms with characteristic chemical features and properties

Bio 111 (5 decks)

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