Vocab Chap. 1-5.1 Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Cell Theory
A
- all livings things are composed of
- smallest living thing
- new cells from existing cells
2
Q
Cell
A
smallest living organism
3
Q
cell division
A
reproduction by dividing
4
Q
Growth
A
produce more or larger cells
5
Q
development
A
series of changes over time in a cell, organism, tissue, ect. results in a defined set characteristics
6
Q
Respiration
A
release of energy
7
Q
homeostasis
A
maintain internal conditions
8
Q
tissue
A
made of cells
9
Q
organ
A
made of 2 or more different tissues
10
Q
reproduction
A
passing of genetic info to new generations
11
Q
DNA
A
contains genetic info
12
Q
RNA
A
decodes DNA
13
Q
Genes
A
contains info to create cells with diff. characteristics
14
Q
Polypeptides
A
a linear sequence of amino acids
15
Q
Protein
A
a functional unit composed of one or more polypeptides
16
Q
Biological evolution
A
evolves over time
17
Q
atom
A
smallest matter/ elements
18
Q
molecule
A
made of atoms
19
Q
macromolecule
A
2 or more molecules
20
Q
polymer
A
multiple monomers
21
Q
Carbohydrate
A
a carbon containing macromolecule that includes sugars, starches and cellulose
22
Q
Nucleic Acid
A
composed of nucleotides. two types DNA and RNA
23
Q
Ecosystem
A
community of animals and the environment affecting them
24
Q
Gametes
A
a haaploid cell involved in reproduction (sperm, egg)
25
prokayrote
unicellular, no nucleus. ex. bacteria and archaea
26
eukaryote
uni or multicellular, has a nucleus. Larger than prokaryotes. ex. animals, protists, plants and fungi
27
cell nucleus
contains the DNA within a cell
28
Genome
the complete genetic composition of a cell or a species
29
proteome
the complete compliment of proteins that a cell or organism can create
30
anatomy
study of the structure of the body
31
physiology
is the scientific study of function in living systems.
32
systems biology
research aimed at understanding how emergent properties arise. term also applied to the study of cells
33
metabolism
the sum total of all chemical reactions with in an organism
34
photosynthesis
in plants changing light into energy
35
asexual reproduction
offspring produced from a single parent/ offspring are a clone of the parents
36
evolution
populations change from generation to generation
37
mutation
change in genetics
38
natural selection
process that eliminates those individuals less likely to survive
39
taxonomy
classification/ grouping of species
40
domains
one of the three major categories of life: archaea, bacteria and eukarya
41
scientific method
series of steps to test the validity of a hypothesis
42
prediction
an expected outcome of a hypothesis
43
theory
a broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is substantiated by a large body of evidence
44
independent variable
what you change in an experiment
45
dependent variable
what is measured
46
experimental group
the group that has the independent variable
47
control group
no changes
48
constants
thing that must remain the same in experiments
49
matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
50
atom
smallest matter
51
organic chemistry
study of chemicals involving carbon
52
molecules
two or more atoms connected by a chemical bond
53
element
a substance composed of specific types of atoms that cannot be further broken down by an ordinary chemical or physical means
54
proton
positive, found in the nucleus of an atom
55
neutron
neutral, found in the nucleus of an atom
56
electron
negative, found in an atom. Moves around the nucleus
57
neutral atom
atom with no net charge, electrons and protons are equal
58
ion
an atom that gains or loses one or more electrons and acquires a net electric charge
59
isotope
an element that exists multiple forms that vary in the number of neutrons
60
radioisotopes
an isotope found in nature that is inherently unstable and usually does not exist for long periods of time. emits forms of radiation
61
orbitals
the areas in an atom that electrons move around in
62
valence electrons
the electrons in the outermost shell, the ones that can interact with outer atoms
63
energy shells
the shells around the atom nucleus that contain the orbitals and electrons
64
atomic number
number of protons. makes the element unique
65
atomic mass
of protons + # of neutrons
66
period table
table of known elements
67
mole
one mole of any element contains the same number of atoms (6.022 x 10^23)
68
Molecular formula
a representation of a molecule that consists of the chemical symbols for all the atoms present and subscripts that indicate how many of those atoms are present
69
compound
a molecule composed of 2 or more diff. elements
70
covalent bond
when to atoms share electrons either equally or unequally
71
octet rule
atoms are most stable when their outermost electron shell is full(has 8 electrons)
72
single bond
sharing 1 electron
73
double bond
sharing 2 electrons
74
electronegativity
the attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons in a covalent bond
elements differ in their in their electronegavity
75
polar covalent bond
shares electrons unequally
76
nonpolar covalent bond
shares electrons equally
77
hydrogen bond
formed from a hydrogen molecule of a polar molecule (which has a partial positive charge) is attracted to another atom of a polar molecule (with a negative charge)
78
Ionic bond
formed between positive and negative ions. Attracted to opposite charges
79
chemical reaction
occurs when one or more substances are changed into other substances
80
reactants
are what interact in a chemical reaction to produce a product
81
products
the result of a chemical reaction
82
solute
substances dissolved into a solvent
83
solvent
liquid, used to dissolve solutes
84
solution
the result of solutes and solvents
85
aqueous solution
water is the solvent
86
hydrophilic
"water loving" readily dissolves in water
87
hydrophobic
"hates water" does not readily dissolves
88
amphilpathic
have both polar or ionized regions at one or more sites and nonpolar regions at other sites
may dissolve in water by forming micelles
89
micelles
sphere shaped, formed by long amhilpathic molecules when mixed with water
90
concentration
amount of solute dissolved in a unit volume of solution
91
molecular mass
the sum of the atomic masses of all the elements in the molecule
92
surface tension
a measure of how difficult it is to break the interface between liquid and air
93
gas
water vapor
94
liquid
water
95
solid
ice
96
hydrolysis
a chemical reaction that utilizes water
97
condensation/ dehydration
reaction in which a molecule of water is lost
98
acid/ base
acids/ releases hydrogen ions when the dissolve into pure water (increases H+ concentration in a solution)
Bases/ lower the H+ concentration of a solution (either by releasing OH- or binding to H+)
99
buffer
help keep a constant pH
100
H+
hydrogen solution
101
OH-
hydroxide ions
102
pH
```
H+ concentration
it can affect-
-shapes and functions of molecules
-rates of many chemical reactions
-ability of two molecules to bind
-ability of ions or molecules to dissolve
```
103
Acidic
pH 6 or below
104
alkaline
(basic) solutions are pH 8 or above
105
Organic chemistry
molecules that have carbon
106
macromolecules
2 or more molecules bonded
107
functional groups
groups attached to carbon/ characteristic chemical features and functions
108
isomers
same chemical formula different shapes
109
structural isomer
completely different structure
110
sterioisomer
different 3D shape
111
cis isomers
single bonds (occurs in nature)
112
trans isomers
double bonds (man made)
113
enantiomers
same atoms and order (mirror images)
114
enzymes
breaks down molecules (catalyzes)
115
monomers
single
116
polymers
multiple monomers
117
condensation reaction
reaction that loses a molecule of water
118
hydrolysis reaction
adds H2O to break down molecules
119
carbohydrates
(macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) sugars, starch and cellulos
120
monosaccharides
(single) simplest sugar
121
disaccharides
2 monosaccharides bonded
122
polysaccharides
multiple glucose
