Physical Science > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

branches of physics developed before 1900

A

Classical physics

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2
Q

recent contributions to physics

A

Modern physics

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3
Q

has only a magnitude (size or amount)

A

scalar quantity

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4
Q

has both direction and magnitude

A

Vector

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5
Q

used to represent the change in a value

A

Delta

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6
Q

a vector showing the combined effect of two or more other vectors.

A

Resultant

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7
Q

states that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs

A

Pythagorean theorem (do #1-4 on pg 48 for practice)

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8
Q

state of change in position

A

Motion

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9
Q

study of motion and forces

A

Dynamics

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10
Q

branch of physics that addresses the effects of forces on matter

A

Mechanics

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11
Q

measure of how quickly an object moves, is the distance traveled by an object per unit time.

A

Speed

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12
Q

change in position divided by time

A

Velocity

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13
Q

any change in velocity

A

Acceleration

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14
Q

acceleration opposite the direction of motion

A

Deceleration

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15
Q

proposed the three basic laws of motion applying to all objects

A

Sir Isaac Newton

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15
Q

pushing or pulling action of one object upon another

A

Force

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16
Q

velocity of an object does not change unless the object is acted upon by an external force

A

Newton’s first law of motion

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17
Q

force required to accelerate an object at a certain rate equals the object’s mass times the desired acceleration and what formula should you know?

A

Newton’s second law of motion, (F=ma)

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18
Q

Si unit of mass and weight

A

Newton

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19
Q

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

A

Newton’s third law of motion

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20
Q

represents the object and the forces on it without considering the causes of the forces or the reaction forces exerted by the object

A

Free-body diagram

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21
Q

states any two objects attract each other through gravitational force

A

Law of universal gravitation

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22
Q

gravitational force exerted on an object

A

Weight

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23
Q

gravitational force exerted on an object near the surface of the earth or any celestial body

A

Gravity

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24
first to demonstrate that the acceleration caused by the earth’s gravity is independent of an object’s mass
Galileo
25
causes the object to travel in a curved path rather than a straight line
Centripetal force
26
hangs from a fixed point and swings back and forth because of gravity
Pendulum
26
result of the weight’s attempt to move in a straight line
Centrifugal force
27
resistance arising to an object’s motion through a fluid or across a surface
Friction
28
affects sliding objects already in motion; it remains constant and acts to slow objects down
Kinetic friction
29
affects stationary objects, preventing them from moving at all
Static friction
30
transfer of energy from one object to another by a force
Work
31
named after the 19th-century English physicist James Prescott Joule.
Joule
32
rate of doing work, or work per unit time
Power
33
unit of power is one joule of work done in one second
Watt
34
a device for doing work
Machine
34
what are the three things that Simple machines provide
They can multiply the applied force They can multiply distance They can change direction of a force
35
any of the six basic force- multiplying machines
Simple machine
36
the force applied after multiplication of the input, and what is it the center of?
Output, class two lever
36
The force applied to a machine is called
Input
37
ratio of work output to work input
Efficiency
37
pivot upon which the beam rests
Fulcrum
37
mechanical advantage under ideal conditions, defined as the ratio of input distance to output distance
Ideal mechanical advantage
38
can multiply force or speed with or without changing the input direction
Lever
39
input and output forces are on opposite sides of the fulcrum
Class 1 lever
40
fulcrum at one end of the lever, output at the other end, and the input force applied between the fulcrum and the output
Class 3 lever
40
fulcrum is at one end of the lever, the input is applied at the other end, and the output is between the input and the fulcrum
Class 2 lever
41
simple machine, similar to a circular lever
Wheel and axel
42
movable pulleys multiply the input force while the fixed pulleys change its direction
Block and tackle
43
sloping surface that allows an object to be raised without lifting it straight up
Inclined plane
44
modifies the applied force and directs it to the side
Wedge
45
simple machine resembling an inclined plane wrapped around a rod
Screw
46
distance from one of the ridges or threads on the screw shaft to the next
Pitch
47
what philosopher didn't experiment is hypothesis
Aristotle
48
“quantity of motion"
momentum
49
defined as the multiplication of the input force that a machine provides
AMA
50
amount of matter in an object
Mass
51
total length of the object’s path
distance
52
change in the object’s position
displacement
53
Gravitational constant
Big G
53
Easy option no. 1 compare and contrast the laws of motion and tell what they do/say
(1) The First Law- describes what happens when no net external force acts on an object, stating that it will either remain at rest or continue in constant, straight-line motion. (2) the Second Law addresses what happens when there is an unbalanced force, establishing the quantitative relationship that force is equal to mass times acceleration (\(F=ma\)). (3) The Third Law focuses on the nature of forces themselves, explaining that forces always occur in pairs acting on two different objects.
54
what is the acceleration from gravity and what is it equal to?
little g, 9.81 meters per second
55
Essay option no. 2 6 simple machines (and the best to use in a certain situation and why)
(1) lever- uses a rigid bar and a pivot point to magnify force (may be used to remove a nail) (2) wheel and axle- efficiently reduces friction, (allowing for the easy movement of objects over a distance, as seen in bicycles or doorknobs) (3) pulley- uses a grooved wheel and rope to change the direction of force (raising a flagpole flag more manageable) (4) inclined plane- easier to move items up or down a height (best choice for loading heavy boxes onto a truck) (5) wedge- two inclined planes back-to-back, designed to split or separate objects (making it perfect for an axe splitting wood) (6) screw- inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder and is best for holding things together (controlled rotational motion, like a car jack)
56
What is the equation for speed?
speed = distance/time
57
What is the equation for velocity?
velocity = displacement/time (#1-3 on pg 51 for proactive problems)
58
What is the equation for force?
force = mass × acceleration
59
What is the equation for distance?
distance = 1/2 (acceleration of gravity)(time)2
60
What is the equation for kinetic friction
kinetic friction force = coefficient of kinetic friction × weight
61
What is the equation for static friction
static friction force = coefficient of static friction × weight
62
What is the equation for work
work = force × distance
63
What is the equation for power?
power = work/time
64
What is the equation for momentum?
momentum = mass × velocity
64
What is the equation for IMA?
IMA = input distance/ output distance
65
What is the equation for AMA?
AMA = output force/ input force
Physical Science
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