Chapter 3-4 test Flashcards

(75 cards)

1
Q

What did early Greece look like?

A

Mountains and sea helped develop it.
Isolated by mountains
Willing to fight for their independence from other nations.
long sea coast- helped fight people coming from the sea, and had many trade ports.
Split into Sparta, Athens, Thebes, Macedonia, and Thessaly
The terrain encouraged the development of independent communities that fostered political participation

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2
Q

What made up Minoan Crete?

A
Earliest civilization in the Aegean region.
Used bronze for weapons
not Greek but influenced them.
Much sea travel.
Grain= taxes to the king.
Ended around 1450 B.C.
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3
Q

What was Mycenae like?

A

Indo-European
Palace centers were built on hills surrounded by stone walls
War people
torched around 1190 B.C

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4
Q

What were the Greeks like in the dark ages? 1100-750 B.C

A

Population declined, and food production dropped.
Many left Greece
Saw revival in trade and other things other then agriculture
Iron replaces bronze
Phoenician alphabet

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5
Q

Why is Homer important?

A

Wrote the Iliad and the odyssey that described the conditions of the human brain.
Iliad = men week, and gods = strong
odyssey = virtue is better then vice
Educated Greeks

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6
Q

What was the Polis?

A

Encompassed a town or city and it’s surrounding countryside.
Place of refuge during an attack.
Varied in size

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7
Q

What was the new military system for the Greeks?

A

Hoplites: heavily armed infantry- wore bronze or leather
Phalanx: rectangular formation of shoulder forming
Used citizen soldiers
Engaged enemy head on

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8
Q

Growth of trade in Greece?

A

Expanded overseas

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9
Q

The effects of colonization in Greece?

A

Diffusion of the Greek cultural, helped the Greeks get their identity, and increased trade.

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10
Q

Tyranny in the Greek polis?

A

Got power from force
Kept power my paying soldiers
Encouraged cultural development
Power corrupts, and because of that no one wanted them

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11
Q

Sparta

A

Liked order, stability, and conformity- fought to keep it that way
Created a military camp
Perioikoi: free people, but are not citizens who were required to pay taxes and perform military service
Helots: Bound to the land, and forced to work on farms and household servants for the spartans

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12
Q

New Sparta

A

Isolationism
Babies examined to live or not
boys were taken from mothers at 7
at 20 men enrolled in the army- 60 got out
Declared war on the helots each year to keep them from revolting

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13
Q

The spartan state?

A

Oligarchy- ruled by 2 kings
Gerousia- a council of elders
apella- assembly of all male citizens
eplors- 5 men over 30 elected annually

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14
Q

Reforms of solon 594 BC

A
Athens
Canceled all debts
freed slaves
outlawed humans as collateral
wealth = political office instead of birth
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15
Q

the move to tyranny in Athens 560 BC

A

Pisistratus seized power
gave land and loans to the poor
villages and townships as the basic unit of life

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16
Q

Greek culture in the Archaic age

A

Pottery and sculpture were influenced by Egypt
Kourosh- life size stone statues of naked men
sappho-greatest female poet

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17
Q

The first persian attack

A

Ionian revolt - 499-494
Persian invasion 490- battle of marathon
Athenians and plataeans confronted persians
Persians = light armed troops, mobile, flexible, relied on missiles
Greek = armed with heavy shields, relied on spear thrusts- close range (persians lost)

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18
Q

the invasion of xerxes 480 BC

A
Persian (monarch) - lost
had 150,000 troops, 700 ships
Greeks held off persia for 2 days
Greeks formed a large army - 479 BC
Greeks destroyed a lot of the Persian fleet in the battle  at Mycale
Battle of Thermopylae 480
Battle of Salamis 480
Battle of plataes 479
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19
Q

The growth of the Athenian Empire

A

Delian league - new leadership against the persians - dominated by Athenians -island of Delos
Athens provided most of the ships to attack the persians
Persia was defeated in 469 BC
imperialism

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20
Q

The age of Pericles -Athens

A
Expanded democracy at home while severing its ties with sparta 
ecclesia- the assembly of the people
strategoi
Ostracism
Aristocrats held most of the offices.
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21
Q

strategoi

A

elected generals

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22
Q

Ostracism

A

allowed officials to write down who they didn’t like or thought they thought were harmful

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23
Q

Hoplites

A

heavily armed infantry- wore bronze or leather

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24
Q

Phalanx

A

rectangular formation of shoulder forming

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25
Kourosh
life size stone statues of naked men
26
The great peloponnesian war
``` Started by Spartan fear of Athens' naval power Athens - navy to give people supplies Sparta- land power Plague on Athens 1/3 gone Athens surrenders Greek city-states had petty wars ```
27
the decline of the Greek city-states
continuing warfare | oligarchical rule not working
28
Herodotus
First historian- wrote about the persian wars- put the gods into the explanation of history
29
Thucydides
Wrote about the peloponnesian war- fought in it- did not put in the gods as the explanation for what happens.
30
Aeschylus
525-456 first greek plays = tragedies wrote 98 but only 7 survived only complete trilogy = oresteia
31
Sophocles
494-406 | wrote oedipus the king- theme:a free man must be responsible for his actions
32
Euripides
485-406 created more realistic characters portrayed war as barbaric had compassion for women and kids good v. evil
33
Greek comody
developed later than tragedies Aristophanes - 450-385 started as inappropriate and dirty
34
The arts
civilize emotions by making different expressions of human being, life like, and ideal beauty improved temples- the parthenon- greatest example of greek architecture classical architecture
35
classical architecture
the search for calm, clarity, and freedom from super focused detail
36
Sophists
a group of philosophical teachers who believed that understanding the universe is beyond the human mind
37
Socrates
``` 469-399 taught plato goal of education = improve the individual socratic method "corrupted youth" ```
38
socratic method
Q and A leads students to see things for themselves
39
Plato
429-347 greatest philosopher of western civilization The academy the republic- his ideas of how government should work distrusts democracy
40
Aristotle
Went to school Plato Established Tutored Alexander the great the good forms of government are monarchy aristocracy and constitutional government but monarchy turned into tyranny aristocracy turned to oligarchy and constitutional government turned into radical democracy but the constitutional democracy was the best
41
Greek religion
Temples were the major buildings religion was social and practical in every day life they had 12 chief gods of Mount Olympus has a polytheistic religion each polis had one main God the first Olympics were in 776 and we're held every four years Mystery religions
42
Metics
Resident foreigners in Athens
43
Slavery in Athens
Everyone wanted at least one slaves | Slaves did the Diatomic ask or skilled/unskilled workers were paid the same as citizens
44
Life in Athens
nuclear family women always had a male guardian hetairai- glorified prostitute male homo- accepted
45
Macedonia
Hellenistic- new series of kingdoms that blended the achievements of the eastern world with the cultural of the Greeks Macedonians not Greek but were treated like Greeks in the Olympics under king Archelaus became an important kingdom (413-399)
46
Philip and the conquest of Greece
359-366 Spent 3 years as a hostage Created lighter armed soldiers Used 18 ft spears 2x as long as the Greeks improved catapults Athens fought Macedonia at the battle of chaeronea 338 Philip crushed them Greek states made an alliance- Corinthian league Unified Macedonia, created a powerful military machine, and subdued the Greeks
47
Alexander the Great
336-323 334- Captured half of the western part of Asia Minor 333- Battle of Issus (won) Sieged tyre and Gaza to prevent persian control-built a bridge- took 6 months 332- Syria Palestine, and Egypt were under Alex 331- Fought Persians @ Gaugamela Daris killed by one of his own men 330- Took over as king of Persia 327- Battle of the Hydaspes river Won part of India 323- died at 32 from alcohol, wounds, and fever
48
Alexander's military success
``` Great leader Good tactical skills Quick to adapt Loyal soldiers did not hesitate payed attention to details Good use of siege warfare ```
49
Alexander's legacy
Created a new age-hellenistic Created more opportunities for the Greeks Greek culture spread throughout the near east Clash and fusion of different cultures Transformed army into a international one
50
The 4 kingdoms
Antigonid- kingdom of Macedonia Seleucid- kingdom of Syria-Largest hard time controlling eastern territories Attalids- kingdom of Pergamum Ptolemaic- kingdom of Egypt
51
India
Chandra gupta- created a new state, and drove out seleucid forces Asoka= greatest Indian ruler
52
Political and military institutions int the hellenistic kingdoms
Monarchies created stability To the Greeks monarchies were barbaric Greeks kept the leadership positions, and kept non Greeks out war was a crucial part in the Hellenistic world Used elephants new siege towers, and Catapults
53
Hellenistic cities
``` Dominated by Gree cultural Military cities- kept order few hundred - dependent on king Independent cities- thousands of men- Seleucus- kept finding new cities Spread throughout the east Greeks were "better" than everyone else planned cities rectangular grid ```
54
Economic trends in the Hellenistic cities
``` Greeks kept their farming patterns Farms were owned by kings Industry spread east Trade grew less political barriers greatest trade= grain ```
55
New opportunities for women (rich)
politics some kings married sisters managed slaves educated in music, literature, athletics
56
Role of slavery in the hellenistic cities
normal part of life Became slaves because: children of slaves, sold by parents, children who were left to die kidnapped by pirates, prisoners of war Macedonians, thracians, and Italians were more money Were hellenized
57
The transformation of education in the hellenistic cities
Gymnanism- mainly for athletics, but transformed into a school. Payed for by the rich people Gymnasiarch- the head of the gymnasium- not paid
58
Theocritus
315-250 | wrote poems about the beauty of nature
59
New directions in literature
Alexandria- brought scholars and poets there Athens= theatre center new kind of comedy- entertained instead of making fun of politics more historical and bio lit
60
Meander
play writer- best rep for the new kind of comedy
61
Polybius
Chief historian
62
Hellenistic art
more greek sculptors | moved from idealism to emotional sculptors
63
Science
Separation between science and philosophy Systematic observation- the starting point for generalization Astronomy
64
Aristarchus
310-230 | developed a heliocentric view of the universe
65
heliocentric
The belief that the earth rotates around the sun and on an axis
66
Geocentric
The belief that the earth is the center of the universe
67
Eratosthenes
275-194 | said the earth was round, and came very close to the actual circumference
68
Euclid
300 | Geometry
69
Archimedes
``` 287-212 Most famous scientist in the hellenistic period known for spheres and cylinders established pi inventor of the weapons ```
70
medicine
Hippocrates- the first to separate medicine from philosophy by stressing natural explanation Erasistratus- process of digestion Herophilus- brain, eye, liver, and nervous, and the reproduction used dissection and vivisection
71
Epicureanism
Epicurus 341-270 the doctrine of pleasure- true good gods do not play an active role on the world happiness= goal in life
72
Stoicism
Zeno 335-263 most popular philosophy true happiness came from the will of nature All people are =
73
The Jews in the hellenistic world
Jews religion was different from all the rest- monotheistic Judas Maccabeus- led a revolt Recaptured temple- hanukkah lived by their own laws
74
King Phillip allowed Greek city-states autonomy in what?
Domestic affairs only
75
The economy of the Hellenistic kingdoms is most noted for?
expansion of commerce and trade