Chapters 1-2

Question 1

Hominids

Answer 1

the 1st human-like creatures

Question 2

chronology of the 1st humans

Answer 2

Australopithecines
homo erectus
neanderthals
homo sapiens sapiens

Question 3

paleolithic age

Answer 3

designates the early period of human history (stone age)

Question 4

Neolithic revolution

Answer 4

(newstone) a significant change in living patterns- hunting gathering plants, and food production

Question 5

Civilization

Answer 5

a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a variety of common elements

Question 6

Basic characteristics of a civilization

Answer 6

1. urban focus- cities became the center of development
2. A distinct religious structure- gods = success
3. A new military and political structure-organized bureaucracy
4. a new social structure based on economic power-> kings -> priests -> political leaders -> warriors -> free people -> slaves
5. the development of writing- written records
6. new forms of significant artistic and intellectual activity- architectural structures

Question 7

mesopotamia

Answer 7

the valley between the tigris and euphrates in southeast asia( the land between the rivers)

Question 8

Sumerian cities

Answer 8

were surrounded by wall made of mud bricks- the best building was the temple which was dedicated to the chief god/godess

Question 9

ziggurat

Answer 9

massive stepped tower with a temple built in it

Question 10

theocracy

Answer 10

government ruled by a divine authority

Question 11

the mesopotamian gods

Answer 11

were considered agents of the gods and got their power from them

Question 12

sumerian eletes

Answer 12

royal and priestly officials and their families

Question 13

sumerian dependent commoners

Answer 13

the eletes clients who worked on their proprietary

Question 14

sumerian free commoners

Answer 14

farmers, merchants, fishers, scribes, and crafts people

Question 15

sumerian slaves

Answer 15

belonged to the palace officials

Question 16

the Akkadian empire

Answer 16

sargon had much military power
his grandson naram sin= was the king of the 4 corners (world) but became very prideful, and at the end of his life the empire was lost

Question 17

Hammurabi’s empire

Answer 17

“the son of babylon” reunited mesopotamia. Man of war and peace.

Question 18

code of hammurabi

Answer 18

first written law- beginning of western law

Question 19

the culture of mesopotamia

Answer 19

success depended on the gods
each city-state connected with a god
the temple was the true center of the community
enuma elish= a story about creation
polytheistic- worshiped many gods
cuneiform- first system of writing- mostly for record keeping, made it possible to communicate ideas in new ways

Question 20

divination

Answer 20

seeking to foretell future events by interpreting divine signs

Question 21

consequences of neolithic revolution

Answer 21

permanent settlements
trade
specialized division of labor
improved tools domestication of animals
development of writing
use of metals
copper + tin = bronze

Question 22

Old kingdom

Answer 22

king menes of upper and lower Egypt unified them into 1 kingdom.

Question 23

Ma’at

Answer 23

the set of rules/guidelines that the pharaoh adheres to

Question 24

Vizier

Answer 24

“Steward of the land” directly responsible to the king- in charge of the bureaucracy

Question 25

Middle kingdom

Answer 25

"golden Age" 2055-1650 B.C.E

Question 26

society and economy of the middle kingdom

Answer 26

``` wealthy people had more power below the upper class were the merchants and artisans merchants worked in trade up and down the nile river to other towns and villages artisans were great craftsmen who made: stone dishes, painted boxes of clay furniture, gold, silver, copper, paper, clothes, rope, most people worked on land that belonged to the pharaoh lower class = serfs, common people who were bound to the land ```

Question 27

the culture of Egypt

Answer 27

religion = society pharaoh gave the cosmic order sun cult developed because they realized that the sun way powerful pharaoh = son of re (god)

Question 28

the pyramids

Answer 28

large complexes dedicated to the dead stocked with good things for the dead to take with them to the other side mummification- slowly dried the dead body to prevent it from rotting

Question 29

The Egyptians art and writing

Answer 29

wall paintings and statues of gods and kings in temples were for a spiritual purpose Hieroglyphics = signs that depicted objects and had a sacred value at the same time

Question 30

Reasons why Egyptian civilization was considered the gift of the nile

Answer 30

``` annual predictable flooding food surplus transportation- security changelessness ```

Question 31

hyksos

Answer 31

took over egypt, and taught how to use bronze in a new way- warfare, war chariot, compound bow, and a heavier sword

Question 32

new kingdom

Answer 32

more militaristic and imperialistic most powerful state in the ancient near east ended in the 20th dynasty in 1070, and became a province in rome

Question 33

religious change in the new kingdom

Answer 33

Akhenaten introduced the god if the sun disk as the chief god changed the capital to akhetaten tried to changed traditional religion but failed

Question 34

Daily life in ancient egypt

Answer 34

wisdom literature = marry young, and establish a home and family. followed monogamy, but could have more wives if they could not bear children. pharaohs could have harems, but only one queen women were highly respected marriages were arranged by parents adultery was punished used cats as a retriever for hunting

Question 35

the hittite empire

Answer 35

1st people to make use of iron- stronger cheaper weapons constant fight over the throne the law code was not that harsh religion combined indo european deities and mesopotamia

Question 36

the hebrews united kingdom

Answer 36

1st kings = saul, david, solomon

Question 37

the divided kingdom

Answer 37

the kingdom split after solomon's death 10 northern tribes 2 southern

Question 38

the spiritual dimensions of israel

Answer 38

Yahweh = chief/ only god all other gods are idols he created nature but is not defined by his laws prophets were sent by god to be a voice to the people all nations will one day come to the god of israel god is above all one day there will be peace

Question 39

pentatech

Answer 39

first 5 books of the OT

Question 40

torah

Answer 40

law code

Question 41

social structure of the hebrews

Answer 41

followed the 10 commandments the men of rank and influence- were officials of the king military officers civil officials and governors patriarchal king could have 18 wives civilians could have 4 more wives = more children/sons arranged marriages

Question 42

diaspora

Answer 42

scattered the jews throughout the land after the babylonian captivity in the 6th century

Question 43

the phoenicians - purple people

Answer 43

founded new independence rebuilt their cities after they were destroyed by the sea people expanded trade-sea- to a foreign market aswell (purple dye, glass, wine, lumber) major cities: Byblos, tyre, and sidon carthage major city and trading station transmitters of culture

Question 44

Assyrian empire

Answer 44

had many foreign rulers kings = absolute authority eliminated governorships iron weapons

Question 45

assyrian military

Answer 45

``` effective military leaders and fighters army was well trained and organized great at sieges and cutting off supplies of enemies terror warfare great and powerful army ```

Question 46

assyrian culture

Answer 46

mixed freely with other nations ethnic differences were not very important chief god = ashur used ag products as an exchange method mix of mesopotamia, sumerian, and babylonian culture masculine world religion reflected other cultures

Question 47

the neo- babylonian empire

Answer 47

chaldeans KIng nabopolassar-626-605 established a monarchy king nebuchadnezzar -605-562- made babylon known for great lands, trade routes, and industries- especially textiles and metals rebuilt babylon as the center of the empire marduk=chief god hanging gardens King naberius- 555-539- neglected marduk and went to the god of the sun sin

Question 48

the persain empire

Answer 48

``` organized clans led by petty kings fell under the medes- became 1 largest empire that has ever been divided into 20 different provinces ```

Question 49

persian religion

Answer 49

zoroastrianism- the god ahuramazda=good fights against the evil spirit= ahriman should have good thought, right and piety

Question 50

cyrus the great ( persian)

Answer 50

``` made the satrapy- province wise ruler king of all unusually a very good ruler ` ```

Question 51

satrap

Answer 51

governor of many little governments