Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

genes

A

the basic units of heredity; responsible for guiding the process of creating the proteins that make up our physical structure and require development and physiological processes throughout the lifespan.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

phenotype

A

the behavior or trait that is expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

chromosomes

A

structures in the cellular nucleus that are lined with all of the genes an individual inherits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

homozygous

A

two corresponding genes at the same location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

heterozygous

A

two different genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

behavioral genomics

A

the study of DNA and the ways in which specific genes are related to behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

human genome project

A

project t identify all components of the human genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

behavioral genetics

A

study of how genes and the environment influence behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

monozygotic twins

A

come from a single ovum, which makes them genetically identical. Different sacs and same placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal twins
fertilization of two eggs and two sperm that share the same womb and 50% of their genes are the same.
Different placentas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

heritability

A

a statistic expressed as a number between 0 and 1, the represents the degree to which genetic difference between individuals contribute to individual differences in a behavior or trait found in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

adopted children

A

adopted parents: nurture vs biological parents: nature
children were similar in intelligence as their adopted parents at a young age. once 16, they were more like their biological parents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of how gene expression changes as a result of experience. genetic code doesn’t change however..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

myths in mind

A

behavior isn’t linked to only one gene. and one gene does not code for only on trait for it can influence many.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

evolution

A

the change in frequency of genes in an interbreeding population over generations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What separated humans from animals

A
  1. we had larger frontal lobes

2. we have grooves on the surface of our brains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

evolutionary psych

A

attempts to explain human behavior based on the beneficial functions they may have served in our ancestors development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hunter gatherer theory

A

linking performances on specific tasks to different roles performed by males and females over the course of our evolutionary history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

intrasexual selection

A

members of the same sex compete to win the opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

intersexual selection

A

members of one sex select their mate based on desired traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

acetylcholine

A

found at junctions between nerve cells and skeletal muscles. Important to voluntary movements. Contraction of muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

link between nervous system and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

monoamines

A

dopamine, serotonin, nor epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

dopamine

A

functions in mood, control of voluntary movement, and processing rewarding experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

norepinephrine

A

regulates stress responses, including increasing arousal, attention and heart rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

serotonin

A

regulates sleep, mood, aggression and appetite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

agonists

A

drugs that enhance or mimic neurotransmitters, either directly or indirectly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

antagonists

A

drugs that inhibit neurotransmitter activity by blocking receptors or preventing the synthesis of them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates basic functions and motivational systems
releases releasing factors that stimulate the pituitary gland which is the master gland that sends hormones to other glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

endorphin

A

a hormone produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus that functions to reduce pain and induce feelings of pleasure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

testosterone

A

dominance and aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Myths in mind

A

neurogenesis: regeneration of neurons from stem cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

35
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

everything but the brain and spinal cord, responsible for transmitting signals from the brain to the rest of the body. consists of two part somatic nervous system ad the autonomic nervous system

36
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary movement

37
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary movement

- consists of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

38
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight response

39
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

return the body back to normal from being in the fight or flight response.

40
Q

3 main regions of the brain

A

hind brain, mid brain and forebrain

41
Q

hind brain

A

consists of structures that are critical to controlling basic life sustaining processes.

42
Q

brainstem

A

bottom of the brain that consists of two structures

the medulla and the pons

43
Q

medulla

A

basic functions for breathing, heart rate, salivating and sneezing.

44
Q

pons

A

wakefulness and dreaming, also good for balance, eye movements and swallowing.

45
Q

reticular formation

A

extends from the medulla upwards to the mid brain and controls attention and alertness. also communicates with the spine for posture and walking.

46
Q

cerebellum

A

is the lobe like structure at the base of the brain that is involved in the monitoring of movement, maintaining balance, attention and emotional responses.

47
Q

midbrain

A

above the hind brain. functions as a relay station between sensory and motor areas.
Consists of the superior colliculus and the inferior colliculus.

48
Q

superior colliculus

A

ability to capture visual attention

49
Q

inferior colliculus

A

ability to move your auditory attention

50
Q

forebrain

A

above the midbrain and includes the grooves of the brain surface. Functions in memory, emotion, thinking and reasoning. Has ventricles that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid which acts as cushioning and gets rid of waste, provides hormones and nutrients.

51
Q

basal ganglia

A

make up the white matter myelin on axons. They are beside the ventricles, a group of 3 that function in movement, skill learning and integrating sensory and movement info with the brain’s reward system.

Promotes and inhibits movement.

52
Q

nucleus acumbens

A

accompanies pleasurable moments, sexual pleasure and satisfying cravings.

53
Q

Major set of forebrain structures –> LIMBIC SYSTEM

A

General: memory and emotion.

Amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus

54
Q

amygdala

A

facilitates memory formation for emotional events, mediates fear response and plays a role in recognizing and interpreting emotional stimuli such as facial expressions

55
Q

hippocampus

A

learning and memory and particularly the formation of new memories

56
Q

hypothalamus

A

homeostatic manager and controls pleasure

57
Q

thalamus

A

a set of nuclei involved in relaying sensory info to different regions of the brain

58
Q

Cerebral cortex

A 
brain's grooves and outer surface which functions in thought, language and personality. 
Grey matter (cell body and dendrites) 
white matter (axons)
59
Q

The Four Lobes

A

occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal

60
Q

occipital

A

vision, receives visuals from the thalamus and sends it out to two visual pathways, parietal (using vision to guide movements) and temporal (object recognition)

61
Q

Parietal

A

touch and bodily occurrences.
the amounts of neural tissue depends on how many receptors there are. we have more on our faces and hands.

Somatosensory cortex: packed with nerve cells for touch.

Nomanculus: how space in the somatosensory cortex.

62
Q

Temporal

A

located at the sides of the brain near the ears and are involved in hearing, language, and higher levels of vision such as facial recognition.

Consists of the auditory complex and wernickes area

63
Q

Auditory complex

A

ability to hear

64
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

understanding language

65
Q

Frontal

A

are important in higher cognitive functions such as planning, regulating impulses and emotion, language production and voluntary movement.

consists of the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex.

66
Q

primary motor cortex

A

controls voluntary movement. intricate movements take up more space in the cortex.

67
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

decision making and controlling our attention.

68
Q

corpus callosum

A

a collection or neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres

allows the left and right hemispheres to communicate.

69
Q

right hemisphere

A

cognitive tasks that involve visual and special skills, recognition of visual stimuli, and musical processing.

70
Q

left hemisphere

A

language and math

71
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the capacity of the brain to change and rewire itself based on individual experience.

Musicians develop more grey matter in the auditory complex.

72
Q

trophic factors

A

chemicals that can stimulate the growth of new dendrites and axons

recovery of the brain is limited.

73
Q

lesioning

A

a technique in which researchers intentionally damage an area in the brain

74
Q

sham group

A

control group

75
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

a procedure in which an electromagnetic pulse is delivered to a targeted region of the brain

temporary can stimulate or inhibit.

76
Q

computerized topography (CT scan)

A

structural neuroimaging technique in which x rays are sent through the brain by a tube that rotates around the head.

77
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

a structural imaging technique in which clear images of the brain are created based on how different neural regions absorb and release energy while in a magnetic field.

78
Q

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

a form of structural neuroimaging allowing researchers or medical personnel to measure the white matter pathways in the brain.

79
Q

Functional Neuroimaging

A

brain scanning that provide info about which areas of the brain are active when a person performs a particular behaviour.

80
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

measure patterns of brain activity with the use of multiple electrodes attached to the scalp

81
Q

eventrelated potentials (ERPs)

A

uses some sensors as EEG but measures when a stimulus was given to them. Good for when brain activity occurs but not where.

82
Q

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

a neuroimaging technique that measures the tiny magnetic fields created by the electrical activity of nerve cells in the brain.

83
Q

position emission tomography (PET)

A

a type of scan in which a low level of radioactive isotope is injected into the blood, and its movement to regions of the brain engaged in a particular task is measured.

Very slow (takes 2 mins)

84
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

measures brain activity by detecting the influx of oxygen rich blood into neural areas that were just active.

Psychology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions