chapter 3

Question 1

solution

Answer 1

homogeneous mixture of 2+ substances

Question 2

solvent

Answer 2

dissolving agent

Question 3

solute

Answer 3

substance that dissolves

Question 4

aqueous solution

Answer 4

in which a solute can dissolve in water

Question 5

hydration shell

Answer 5

sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

Question 6

hydrophilic

Answer 6

substance that has an infinity for water (loves water)

Question 7

hydrophobic

Answer 7

nonionic/nonpolar substances that repel (fear) water

Question 8

what is an example of a hydrophilic agent?

Answer 8

cellulose in plants, helping water being distributed throughout.

Question 9

what is an example of a hydrophobic solution

Answer 9

vegetable oil

Question 10

molarity

Answer 10

moles per 1L of solution

Question 11

what is a hydrogen ion

Answer 11

H+

Question 12

what is an hydroxide ion

Answer 12

OH-

Question 13

what is an hydronium ion

Answer 13

H30+

Question 14

acid

Answer 14

substance that increases hydrogen ion concentration

Question 15

base

Answer 15

substance that reduces hydrogen ion concentration

Question 16

How is pH measured?

Answer 16

negative logarithm of hydrogen concentration

Question 17

buffers

Answer 17

substance that minimizes changes in a concentration of H+ and OH- solutions

Question 18

human blood must be within what pH

Answer 18

7-7.8

Question 19

what do human bodies have to keep their pH normalized?

Answer 19

buffers

Question 20

what is formed by oceans absorbing CO2

Answer 20

carbonic acid

Question 21

ocean acidification

Answer 21

alters the delicate balance of life in oceans

Question 22

water molecule is shaped like?

Answer 22

a V

Question 23

a water molecule has what types of bond

Answer 23

single covalent polar bond

Question 24

which element is the bond in water closer to?

Answer 24

oxygen because of oxygen having a higher electronegativity

Question 25

What molecule has uneven distribution of the charges and frequently asymmetrical

Answer 25

polar molecule

Question 26

polar covalent bond

Answer 26

covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity

Question 27

what are the 4 emergent properties of water?

Answer 27

cohesion of water molecules moderation of temp water is the solvent of life expansion of freezing

Question 28

cohesion

Answer 28

clinging of one substance to itself

Question 29

adhesion

Answer 29

clinging of one substance to another

Question 30

surface tension

Answer 30

measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.

Question 31

what does cohesion contribute to the organism's functioning

Answer 31

dissolving nutrients and transportation of water

Question 32

spider walking on water is a demonstration of what emergent property of water

Answer 32

cohesion of water molecules (surface tension)

Question 33

what is moderation of temperature

Answer 33

water stores heat and modifies based on temp

Question 34

kinetic energy

Answer 34

the energy of motion

Question 35

thermal energy

Answer 35

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

Question 36

temperature

Answer 36

avg kinetic energy

Question 37

heat

Answer 37

transfer from one body of matter to another

Question 38

calorie (cal)

Answer 38

amount of heat it takes to raise heat temp of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius

Question 39

kilocalorie (kcal)

Answer 39

1000 cal for 1 kilogram of water to be raised 1 degree celsius

Question 40

specific heat

Answer 40

amount of heat that must be absorbed for 1g of that substance to change its temp 1 C

Question 41

vapor

Answer 41

molecules moving fast enough to overcome the attractions and depart

Question 42

what is a measure of how well a substance changes temp

Answer 42

specific heat

Question 43

heat of vaporization

Answer 43

quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from liquid to a gas

Question 44

does water require high or low vaporization energy

Answer 44

high

Question 45

water having high specific heat is due to

Answer 45

the hydrogen bonding

Question 46

whats evaporative cooling

Answer 46

the liquid of vapor that is released, allows for the liquid to cool down

Question 47

why can ice float on water

Answer 47

water is unusual and is less dense, allowing it to float

Question 48

electronegativity

Answer 48

a chemical property that describes the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself

Question 49

why is there a partial +/- charge

Answer 49

the net effect due to the difference in electronegativity

Question 50

What are the cut offs on the electronegativity polarity scale

Answer 50

>0.4 nonpolar 0.4-2 polar <2 ionic

Question 51

Why do He, Ne, & Ar have no electronegativity?

Answer 51

They have a full outer shell

Question 52

How do 2 of the same atoms share a covalent bond

Answer 52

the 2 atoms share the bond equally

Question 53

whats a nonpolar molecule

Answer 53

equal sharing of electrons

Question 54

what's a intermolecular bond

Answer 54

bond that connect several molecules together

Question 55

maximum number of hydrogen bonds a water molecule can form

Answer 55

4

Question 56

what's a intramolecular bond

Answer 56

bond in between atoms in a single molecule

Question 57

What molecule is usually symmetrical and has little or no partial charge

Answer 57

nonpolar molecule

Question 58

T/F a partially (-) charged oxygen atom must be present in a hydrogen bond

Answer 58

false

Question 59

in its liquid state, what allows water to be fragile and short lived

Answer 59

the hydrogen bonds due from the the polar molecules

Question 60

what depends on matter's volume, heat or temp?

Answer 60

heat

Question 61

T/F a partially (+) charged hydrogen atom must be present in a hydrogen bond?

Answer 61

true

Question 62

hydrogen bond

Answer 62

a partial positive attraction to a partial negative molecule

Question 63

what doesn't depend on matter's volume? heat or temp?

Answer 63

temp

Question 64

does a lukewarm pool or a steaming cup of coffee have more heat?

Answer 64

lukewarm pool

Question 65

why can a large body of water absorb and store a great amount of heat without changing temps very much

Answer 65

water has a high specific heat

Question 66

Why does water have a high specific heat?

Answer 66

due to hydrogen bonds

Question 67

does a lukewarm pool or a steaming cup of coffee have a higher temp?

Answer 67

steaming cup of coffee

Question 68

how does water moderate temperature through sweating

Answer 68

"hottest" molecules (with most kinetic energy) are most likely to leave as a gas, leaving behind "colder" molecules

Question 69

sugar dissolves in water, what is the solute, solvent, and solution

Answer 69

sugar--solute water--solvent sweet water-- solution

Question 70

hydrogen shell

Answer 70

sphere of water molecules that surrounds solutes when they are dissolved in water

Question 71

are solutes hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Answer 71

hydrophilic

Question 72

the lower pH of a solution, the more or less acidic?

Answer 72

more acidic

Question 73

what equation do you use to calculate the pH of a solution

Answer 73

= -log[H+]

Question 74

whats the pH of human blood

Answer 74

7.4

Question 75

what is responsible for making the acid in the body

Answer 75

parietal cell, stomach lining

Question 76

increase in pH means that [H+] has

Answer 76

decreased

Question 77

acidosis

Answer 77

pH in blood is less than 7.35

Question 78

alkalosis

Answer 78

when pH in blood is more than 7.45

Question 79

What is expected to happen when the blood pH is higher than normal?

Answer 79

Carbonic acid will disassociate to form bicarbonate and protons