chapter 11

Question 1

what are reasons for cell division

Answer 1

reproduction
growth and development
tissue renewal

Question 2

what is the product of binary fission

Answer 2

produces 2 identical daughter cells

Question 3

what is the product of mitosis

Answer 3

produces 2 identical daughter cells

Question 4

what types of cells use mitosis

Answer 4

somatic cells

Question 5

what types of cells use binary fission

Answer 5

amoeba and bacteria

Question 6

what types of cells use meiosis

Answer 6

germ cells

sperm/egg

Question 7

what is the product of meiosis

Answer 7

produces 4 identical daughter cells

Question 8

when is DNA organized uncondensed

Answer 8

when genes are being transcribed or expressed

Question 9

when is DNA condensed

Answer 9

when genes are inaccessible during cellular division (chromosomes)

Question 10

what is the centromere

Answer 10

where two sister chromatids are attached

Question 11

how are sister chromosomes attached

Answer 11

cohesins- complex of adhesive proteins

Question 12

how many chromosomes are sister cells composed of

Answer 12

1

Question 13

how do chromosomes divide

Answer 13

a single chromosome replicates and then the sister cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells

Question 14

what are the 5 steps of mitosis

Answer 14

prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase/cytokinesis

Question 15

what occurs during prophase

Answer 15

chromatin condenses
mitotic spindle forms
centrosomes start to move

Question 16

what occurs during prometaphase

Answer 16

nuclear envelope fragments

microtubules attach to chromatids or those of the opposite spindle

Question 17

what occurs during metaphase

Answer 17

chromosomes convene on metaphase plate

Question 18

what occurs during anaphse

Answer 18

sister chromatids separate

microtubules shorten

Question 19

what occurs during telophase/cytokinesis

Answer 19

nuclear envelope reforms
cytoplasm divides
two daughter cells form

Question 20

what is the longest phase

Answer 20

metaphase

Question 21

what is the shortest phase

Answer 21

anaphase

Question 22

whats the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis

Answer 22

mitosis is division of the nucleus

cytokinesis is division of cytoplasm

Question 23

mitotic phase

Answer 23

mitosis and cytokinesis occur

Question 24

what is binary fission

Answer 24

asexual reproduction

Question 25

how often do cancer cells divide

Answer 25

uncontrollably

Question 26

what was the longest phase of the cell cycle

Answer 26

G1

Question 27

DNA duplication is part of mitosis.

Answer 27

false

Question 28

how often do muscle/nerve cells divide

Answer 28

they don't divide

Question 29

how often do liver cells divide

Answer 29

they can divide, but only do when needed

Question 30

how often do skin cells divide

Answer 30

frequently

Question 31

what are the steps that occur during binary fission

Answer 31

- chromosomes replicate - origin of replication is copied and one end moves towards the other - the cell separates - plasma membrane and new cell wall grow

Question 32

what does the eukaryotic cell cycle display

Answer 32

timing and rate of cell division in plants and animals is crucial to normal growth, development, and maintence

Question 33

cell cycle control system

Answer 33

cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates events in the cell cycle ("stop" and "go" signals)

Question 34

what does the M checkpoint ask?

Answer 34

are all chromosomes attached to the spindle?

Question 35

what does the G1 checkpoint ask?

Answer 35

is DNA damaged?

Question 36

what does the G2 checkpoint ask?

Answer 36

is all DNA replicated?

Question 37

what is the most important checkpoint in mammalian cells?

Answer 37

G1

Question 38

what will occur if a cell receives a "yes" at the G1 checkpoint

Answer 38

it will enter G1, S, G2, M and divide

Question 39

what will occur if a cell receives a "no" at the G1 checkpoint

Answer 39

it will go the the undividing G0 state

Question 40

what phase are most cells in the human body located

Answer 40

G0

Question 41

why is the M checkpoint so important

Answer 41

It makes sure that cells do not end up with missing or extra chromosomes

Question 42

what is the cell cycle clock

Answer 42

two types of regulator molecules control the pace of the cycle

Question 43

what are protein kinases

Answer 43

enzymes that activate or inactivate other protein molecules by phosphorylating them

Question 44

what are cyclins

Answer 44

proteins that activate cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

Question 45

what is the M phase promoting factor

Answer 45

cyclin-Cdk complex activity

Question 46

MPF functions to

Answer 46

- trigger cells past the G2 checkpoint and into M phase | - phosphorylating a wide range of proteins

Question 47

Whats the G1 phase

Answer 47

the cell degrades cyclin and recycles Cdk molecule

Question 48

What is the S phase - G phase

Answer 48

synthesis of cyclin and is prevented from degradation

Question 49

what occurs at the end of G2

Answer 49

Cdk and cyclin combine to form MPF | when enough is produces, it moves to mitosis

Question 50

what product is released at the end of anaphase in mitosis

Answer 50

Cdk