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bio 112 > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

monomer

A

smaller molecules that are the building blocks of polymers

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2
Q

what are the macromolecules

A

3 molecular classes (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids)

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3
Q

polymers

A

long molecules that consist of identical building blocks linked together with covalent bonds

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4
Q

enzymes

A

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

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5
Q

dehydration reaction

A

reaction in which 2 molecules are covalently bonded to one another with loss of a water molecule

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6
Q

hydrolysis

A

polymers are disassembled to monomers with addition of water molecule

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7
Q

carbohydrates

A

polymers of sugars

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8
Q

sugars end in what?

A

-ose

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9
Q

monosaccharide

A

monomer and simplest carbohydrate and made up of 1 carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups

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10
Q

whats the most common monosaccharide

A

glucose (C6H12O6)

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11
Q

glucose has what function group at the end

A

carbonyl

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12
Q

what macromolecules are major nutrients for the cells

A

carbohydrates–sugars

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13
Q

disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides

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14
Q

how are polysaccharides joined together?

A

glycosidic linkage

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15
Q

starch

A

polymer of glucose

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16
Q

purpose of glucose

A

store energy

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17
Q

how is starch broken down

A

cellular hydrolysis

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18
Q

what glucose configuration does starch have?

A

a

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19
Q

glycogen

A

polymer of glucose but more extensively branched than starch

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20
Q

which can sustain longer starch or glycogen?

A

glycogen (only up to a day)

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21
Q

cellulose

A

polymer of glucose that is a component of tough walls that encloses plant cells

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22
Q

what an example of a structural polysaccharide?

A

cellulose

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23
Q

glycogen is typically how many monomer linkages

A

1-4

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24
Q

what kind of linkages does cellulose have?

A

glycosidic linkages

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25
starch is typically how many monomer linkages
1-4
26
where is glycogen normally stored?
muscle and liver cells
27
what polysaccharide is never branched
cellulose
28
cellulose has what glucose configuration
B
29
which polymer of glucose has the same orientation and which one flips every other one
starch has the same orientation | cellulose flips every other one
30
which glucose polymer can't be digested by people and animals
cellulose. it is eliminated by feces
31
chitin
carbohydrate used by anthropods to build their skeleton
32
what kind of glucose configuration does chitin use
B
33
lipids
large biological molecules (fats, steroids, and phospholipids)
34
what do all lipids have in common
they are all hydrophobic
35
triacylglycerol
fat that has 3 fatty acid linked together to 1 glycerol
36
fatty acid
long carbon chain
37
fatty acids are typically how many carbons long
16-18
38
saturated fatty acid
no double bind, resulting in hydrogen bonds attaching to the cytoskeleton (saturated w hydrogens)
39
unsaturated fatty acids
1+ double bonds with fewer hydrogens (not saturated w hydrogens)
40
are oils saturated or unsaturated
unsaturated
41
transfat
unsaturated, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils
42
what kind of bond do trans fats have
double
43
what are the purpose of fats
to store energy
44
phospholipids
fat molecule of 2 fatty acids and a gylcerol
45
the head of a phospholipid is hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophilic
46
are animal fats saturated or unsaturated
saturated
47
steroids
lipids that have a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
48
the tail of a phospholipid is hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophobic
49
cholestrol
type of steroid thats crucial to animals
50
how do steroids differentiate
by the chemical groups
51
how is cholesterol obtained and synthesized
obtained in diet and synthesized in liver
52
proteins
biological functional molecule made up of polypeptides, coiled into a 3D structure
53
purposes of proteins
defense, storage, transport, cell communication
54
catalysts
chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions
55
amino acids
organic molecule with an amino and carboxyl group, an A carbon, and a varying side chain
56
peptide bond
2 amino acids being bonded together by a dehydration reaction
57
polypeptide
polymer of a peptide bond
58
whats the primary structure of a protein
sequence of its amino acids
59
what the secondary structure of the protein
pattern of how its coiled and folded. A helix B pleated sheet
60
tertiary structure of a protein
overall shape
61
Quaternary structure
overall and complete structure
62
denaturalization
when a proteins structure chemical bonds are destroyed due to pH, temp, etc causing it to lose shape
63
gene
amino acid sequence of a polypeptide ,programmed unit of inheritance
64
nucleic acid
polymers from nucleotides
65
deoxyribonycleic acid
DNA--provides directions for self replication. contains genetic material inherited
66
what kind of sugar makes up deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribose (lacks oxygen atoms)
67
what kind of sugar makes up ribonucleic acid
ribose
68
ribonucleic acid
RNA--reacts with cell's protein synthesis, holds protein instructions for multiple forms
69
gene expression
DNA directing RNA protein synthesis
70
polynucleotides
nucleic acids that exist as polymers of nucleotides
71
nucleotides and what the are made up of
monomer that contains: - pentose - nitrogen base - 1-3 phosphate groups
72
how many phosphate groups does the first nucleotide monomer have?
3, but 2 are lost in polymonomerization, so 1
73
pryimidine
6 member carbon ring with nitrogen atoms
74
what is a purine
larger 6 carbon ring fused to a 5 carbon ring
75
what are the members of the purines
adenine and guanine
76
what are the members of the pyrimidines
thymine (DNA) | uracil (RNA)
77
phosphodiester linkage
bond that hold together phosphate group & 2 nucleotides
78
sugar phosphate bonding
repetition of phosphate linkage bonds
79
hoe are phosphate linkage bonds formed
phosphate attached to 5' carbon hydroxyl group attached to 3' carbon on way 5'-->3'
80
double helix
DNA structure that has 2 polynucleotide strands that run antiparallel (one 3'-->5') (one 5'-->3')
81
what pairs with adenine
thymine (dna) | uracil (rna)
82
what pairs with guanine
cytosine
83
what molecule of life is NOT a macromolecule
lipids
84
Which of the following is a hydrocarbon?
C4H10
85
In the formation of a macromolecule, what type of reaction would join two subunits together?
dehydration reaction
86
Which of the following is NOT a polymer? a) glucose b) DNA c) starch d) cellulose e) polypeptide
glucose
87
What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins?
chaperonin
88
What component of the nucleic acid structure makes it an acid?
phosphate
89
what do all 3 lipids have in common
they all contain hydrocarbons
90
what reaction is involved in attaching a fatty acid to gycerol
dehydration
91
why is TRANS fats banned in the US
it raises bad and removes good cholesterol
92
CIS bonds allow for what
bending and liquidness at room temp
93
how do phospholipids interact with water molecules
polar heads interact w water; nonpolar tails dont
94
what shows a disulfide bond on a structure
-SH
95
why are some amino acids electronically charged
hydrogens have already dissociated
96
are negative or positively charged amino acids acidic or basic
acidic`
97
what type of reaction is a peptide bond
dehydration
98
whats the difference between the two secondary protin structures
A is coiled | B is a pleated sheet

bio 112 (14 decks)

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