Chapter 3 Flashcards
increases renal _____ and ____ reabsorption; increases renal ______ of _______ and ______ ion
aldosterone sodium, water excretion potassium hydrogen
a test for latent tetany in which _____ spasm is induced by inflating a sphygometer cuff on the upper arm to a pressure exceeding ______ blood pressure for __ mins
trousseau sign hypocalcemia carpal systolic 3
clinical sign of existing nerve hyperexcitability tetany seen in _______. it refers to an abnormal reaciton to the stimulation of the _______
chvostek sign
hypocalcemia
facial nerve
mild attacks
-tingling of ______ and ____, ________, ________ cramping and ______, EKG changes is ________ on the ECG!!!!
severe attacks
-_____ Weakness, loss of _____ tone, ____ paralysis, ________
treatment:
-_________, ______ or ____, _________, _____ exchange _____, ______
tx with insulin
-insulin is used to treat ____ potassium levels because it transports potassium from the _____ to the ____ with ______
hyperkalemia lips fingers restlessness intestinal cramping diarrhea peaked T waves muscle muscle flaccid cardiac arrest calcium gluconate insulin glucose Na+ bicarbonate cation exchange resins dialysis high blood cell glucose
hyponatremia
increases renal water reabsorption
________ of the arterioles
ADH
vasoconstriction
hyponatermia
most common cause is fluid ________
examples are:
____, ________, water ______
overload CHF ARF SIADH water excess
hypernatremia continued
dehydration
-free water deficit
-renal free waterclearance
-manifestations: tachycardia, weak pulse, postural hypotension
-elevated hematocrit and serum sodium levels,
-headache, dry skin, and dry mucuous membrane
treatment: give ____ and stop ____
-________ solutions or ____ in water
pure water free water tachycardia weak pulse postural hypotension hematocrit sodium headache skin mucuous
water, fluid loss
hypotonic saline
5% dextrose
if H+ is high in number, PH is ____
if H+ is low in number, PH is ____
low (acidic)
high (alkaline)
Water movement between the ICF and ECF
______ - water movement between the ICF compartment and the ECF
- sodium for ECF
- potassium for the ICF
aquaporins: family of water channel proteins that provide permeability to water
osmotic forces
sodium
potassium
hyponatremia
____________ decrease sodium
can result in ____ pulse, ______ and _______
dehydration weak tachycardia weight hypovolemic: decrease in Na+ and H2O
elevate serum ______ always implies a free water deficit
- ______ - Tx _______ replacement
-failure to produce _____ in the brain or the _____ is insensitive to it
what does this hormone do?
-hypersecretion of _______ can cause this
why?
serum sodium is >___mEq/l
- related to ____ gain or ___ loss
- water movement from the ____ to ____
- ______ dehydration
- manifestations: _____ dehydration, _______, ______ edema, ________, _________
treatment: __________ fluids
-high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the _____ cells into the blood vessels, causing the cells to _____ which causes _______, ________, ________ and _____
hypernatremia sodium simple dehydration normal saline alderosterone
because aldosterone retains sodium (hypervolemic)
147 sodium, water ICF, ECF intracellular intracellular convulsions pulmonary hypotension tachycardia isotonic salt-free
brain shrink confusion convulsions cerebral hemorrhage coma
hypotonic hyponatremia _______
Water excess
- compulsive water drinking, causing water intoxication
-decreased urine formation
-SIADH
-ADH secretion causes water reabsorption
manifestations: cerebral edema, muscle twitching , ______ and ____ gain
treatment: ___ restriction, may need _______________ IV solution
euvolemic compulsive intoxication (primary polydipsia) urine SIADH reabsorption cerebral twitching headache weight water hypertonic sodium chloride IV
is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe ________ particularly diabetic _______ but also ______ failure
- it is a form of _________. which is any breathing pattern that reduces _______ in the blood due to increased _____ or ____ of respiration
- ______ measure is needed to correct _________
kussmaul respirations metabolic acidosis ketoacidosis kidney failure hyperventilation carbon dioxide rate depth compensentory metabolic acidosis
alterations in water movement: edema clinical manifestations -localized vs generalized - pitting edema - dependent edema -third space -swelling and puffiness tight fitting clothes and shoes weight
treatment
- ______ edematous limbs
- use _______ or devices
- avoid prolonged ________
- restrict _____ intake
- take _______ agents
localized, generalized pitting dependent third space swelling, puffiness tight weight
elevate compression stockings standing salt diuretic
calcium levels >12 mgdl causes: hyperparathyroidism -bone metastasis -excess vitamin D -immobilization -acidosis manifestations: -decreased neuromusclar excitability -muscle weakness -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ constipation heart block
hypercalcemia
kidney stones
lethargy
brachycardia
rate of breathing is chronically decreased below normal level
because of inadequate removal of ____ by the lungs, levels levels of this in the blood increase, leading to _________
_______ is also significantly reduced in more severe incidents
pickwickian syndrome
carbon dioxide
respiratory acidosis
oxygen
increases resorption of ____; stimulates renal reabsorption of _____; inhibits renal reabsorption of ________
PTH
bone
calcium
phosphate
______ and ______
regulated by 3 hormones:
1. __________
-increases plasma _____ levels via kidney ________
2. vitamin __
-is a ______ steroid; increases calcium ____ from the ____
3. ______
-_____ plasma calcium levels
bottom line point:
-_________ so Ca and phosphate is influenced with these 3 things
calcium and phosphate parathyroid hormone (PTH) calcium, reabsorption D fat soluble absorption GI tract calcitonin decreases PTH
___________ peptide: increases renal _____ and water _______
atrial natriuretic peptide
sodium
excretion
arterial pH will initiate the formation of ______ (__) from _____ (__) referred to as ______, in the _______ of the _____ of a pH of ___
academia ammonium NH4 ammonia NH3 academia tubular lumen of the kidney 7.25
in red
the pathophysiological process of edema is related to _______ obstruction, increased __________ results of _____ and _____ retention
lymphatic
capillary hydrostatic pressure
water, sodium
potassium level: >5.5 mEq/L -rare as a result of efficient renal excretion causes: -increased intake -shift of K+ from ICF TO ECF -decreased renal excretion -hypoxia acidosis -\_\_\_\_\_\_ -insulin deficiency -cell trauma -one important cause of this include \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
hyperkalemia
renal failure
Addison disease
metabolic acidosis manifestations: -headache -lethargy -\_\_\_\_\_ respirations treatment: -bicarbonate -lactate solutions: \_\_\_\_\_ converted into \_\_\_\_\_\_ in the liver -treat the underlying causes
headache lethargy kussmaul respirations bicarbonate lactate-containing bicarbonate liver
major intracellular cation
_______, _______, _____ and ______ facilitate this into cells
deficiency of these facilitate it out of cells
is essential for the transmission and conduction of ______ impulses, normal ________, and _____ and ____ muscle contraction
regulates ICF osmolality and deposits _______ in liver and skeletal muscles
-K+ adaptation allows the body to accomodate slowy to increased levels of K+ intake
potassium aldosterone, insulin, epinephrine and alkalosis nerve impulses normal cardiac rhthyms skeletal, smooth glycogen
