chapter 45 Flashcards
fracture classifications
_________: break occurs at the site of a preexisting abnormality
_______: fatigue and insufficiency such as _______ and ______ activities that oc cur during athletics
pathologic
stress
strenuous, repetitive
the bone is not straight
improper _____ or _______ of a fractured bone may result in ______, ____ union or ______
_____ is the healing of a bone in a nonanatomic position that could result in the bone not being straight
reduction, immobilization
nonunion, delayed, malunion
malunion
______
contact between the bones in the joint only partially lost
_____ is the temporary displacement of a bone from its normal position in a joint. If the contact between the two surfaces is only partially lost, then the injury is referred to as a subluxation.
subluxation
dislocation
a fibrous connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone
tendon
Tear or injury to a tendon (fibrous connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone)
strain
Tear or injury to a ligament (fibrous connective tissue that connects bones)
sprain
Is inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to a bone
______: Lateral epicondylitis-tissue degeneration or irritation of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon.
clinical manifestations
pain resulting from tendon and ligament injuries is usually described as ___ and _____, persisting over the distribution of the tendon or ligament.
epicondylitis
tennis elbow
sharp, localized
________
Release of myoglobin from damaged ____ muscle cells injuries!!
Life-threatening complication of severe muscle ___ with muscle __ loss
-_____ syndrome versus crush injuries
-________ syndromes
Rapid breakdown of muscle that causes the release of ______r contents
Protein pigment _____ into extracellular space and bloodstream
other causes:
Sedatives and narcotics, particularly street _____, _____(a hypolipidemic agent), and the antifibrinolytic aminocaproic acid often cause rhabdomyolysis and ______
rhabdomyolysis striated trauma cell crush compartment intracellular myoglobin heroin clofibrate myoglobinuria
rhabdomyolysis
Myoglobinuria is an excess of myoglobin (an intracellular muscle protein) in the __. Muscle cell damage releases the myoglobin.
The most severe form is often called ________. Less severe and more localized forms of muscle damage are called ________ syndromes
urine
crush syndrome
compartment syndrome
rhabdomyolysis classic triad 1 2 3 (from myoglobin
muscle pain
weakness
dark urine
osteoporosis
normal bone -\_\_\_\_ mg/cm2 -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bone: decreased bone mass \_\_\_\_\_ to \_\_\_\_\_\_ mg/cm2 -osteoporosis -
833 osteopenic 833, 648 648 activity level radiolucency 25, 30
types of osteoporosis
- perimenopausal
- iatrogenic
- Regional-only classic regional osteoporosis is associated with disuse or immobilization of a limb because of _____, _______, or bone or joint ______
- __________
clinical manifestations
- pain, ________, fractures, kyphosis
fractures, motor paralysis, inflammation
postmenopausal
bone deformity
postmenopausal osteoporosis
Occurs in middle-aged and older women. It can occur because of _____ deficiency, as well as estrogen-independent, age-related mechanisms (e.g., secondary causes such as ______ and decreased mechanical ________).
Recent studies indicate that increased ______ stress and increased intracellular ___ play significant roles in the development of age-related bone loss, as well as other age-related changes in the body.
Hormonal deficiency also can increase with ____, ______ exercise, and __ body weight. Increased formation and longevity of _____ results in increased bone resorption and is associated with a cascade of proinflammatory ________
estrogen hyperparathyroidism stimulation oxidative reactive oxygen speciaes stress, excessive, low osteoclasts cytokines
peak bone mass and strength reached in women
Bone ____ continues at a pace faster than ______ until peak bone mass—or maximum bone density and strength—is reached at approximately __ years of age, after which bone resorption slowly exceeds bone formation.
Bone loss in women is associated with ______. Bone loss is most rapid in the first years after menopause but persists throughout the postmenopausal years
formation
resorption
30
menopause
deficiency of vitamin D lowers the absorption of _______ from the intestines
________ is inadequate or delayed
osteomalacia
calcium
mineralization
state of increased metabolic activity in bone
Is abnormal, and bone resorption and formation are _______. Paget disease most often affects the ___ skeleton, especially the vertebrae, skull, sacrum, sternum, and pelvis
paget’s disease
excessive
axial
osteomylelitis
_______, ______r, and ______infections are all primary sources of bacteria in hematogenous bone infections.
cutaneous, sinus, ear, dental
Sequestration and involucrum
_____ of the periosteum disrupts blood vessels that enter bone through the periosteum, which deprives the underlying bone of its _______
This deprivation leads to ____ and ____ of the area of infected bone, producing _____ an area of devitalized bone.
lifting blood supply necrosis death sequestration
bone death as a result of osteomyelitis
vessel damage causes local _______ (blockage) of small vessels which leads to ________ (death ) of bone
thrombosis
ischemic necrosis
treatment of bone infection
Bone contains multiple ______ channels that are impermeable to the cells and ______ of the body’s natural defenses.
microcirculation of bone is highly vulnerable to damage and destruction by bacterial ____, leading to ______ of bone.
Bone cells have a limited capacity to replace bone destroyed by _____
microscopic biochemicals toxins ischemic necrosis infections
bone tumors
patterns of bone destruction
_______: areas of partially destroyed bones adjacent to completely lytic areas
moth-eaten
bone tumors
An osteosarcoma is a malignant bone-forming tumor. It is aggressive and most often found in ______; it has a ____ pattern of bone destruction
bone marrow
moth eaten
Giant cell tumor
an overexpression of genes including _______ (OPGL)
Giant cell tumors are typically located in the ____ in the ____, ____, ____ and ____
They are slow-growing tumors that extend over the ________
osteoprotegerin ligand
femur, tibia, radius, and humerus
articular cartilage
osteoarthritis
_____ and acid ________ break down articular cartilage.
local areas of damage and loss of articular cartilage
clinical manifestations
__ and _____ in one or more joints, usually _________ or load-bearing joints, are the first symptoms of osteoarthritis.
Use-related joint pain relieved by ____ is a key feature.
stromelysin metalloproteinase pain, stiffness weight bearing rest
