Chapter 42 Flashcards by Desiree Namou

__________: the telescoping part of the intestine into another section of the intestion, usually causing _______ of the blood supply

intussuception

strangluation

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alcoholic liver disease
the sequence for the development of alcoholic liver disease is:
1
2
3

steatosis
steatohepatitis
fibrosis

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forceful emptying of the stomach and intestinal contents through the mouth

vomiting

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clinical manifestations of GI dysfunction

in visceral pain- ______, _____, poorly ______ and ____

diffused
vague
localized
dull

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diarrhea

_____ stools per day are considered the upper limits of normal!!!!

three

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alcoholic cirrhosis

hepatic __ accumulation happens in alcohlic cirrosis!!!!!!!

fat

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cirrhosis
alcoholic liver disease
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (alcoholic fatty liver)
-\_\_\_\_\_\_ form
-is \_\_\_\_\_ if drinking is stopped

_______ hepatitis (________)

is characterized by _________
_________ and _____ of the ______ occur
_______ cirrhosis (____)
toxic effects of alcohol metabolism on the liver, ________ alterations, ______ stress from lipid ______, and ______ occur

steatosis
mildest
reversible
alcoholic 
steatophepatitis
inflammation
degeneration, necrosis
hepatocytes
alcoholic, fibrosis
immunologic
oxidative
perioxidation
malnutrition

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if the obstruction is at the _______ or high in the ___ intestine then ____________ initially develops as a result of excessive loss of _________ that normally would be reabsorbed from the ________

pylorus
small
metabolic alkalosis
hydrogen ions
gastric juices

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osmotic diarrhea

_______ related to _____ deficiency

malabsorption

lactase

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primary cause of peptic ulcers

h pylori

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___ sided colon cancers

_____- and _____ shaped stools
tumors of the left, or _______, colon are ____, ______, _______ masses
_______ is common but occurs slowly

left
narrow, pencil 
descending
small, elevated, button-like
obstruction

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disorders of motility
small intestine obstruction
most common: _________

fibrous adhesions

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viral hepatitis
_______ (_____) phase
-begins approx _ weeks after exposure; ends with appearance of ______
-clinical manifestations: ______, _____, and _____
-is highly transmissable

prodromal (preicteric) phase
2
jaundice
fatigue, vomiting, hyperalgia

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vomiting center

medulla oblongata

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secratory diarrhea

primary causes of secretory diarrhea are bacterial _____, particularly those released by ______

enterotoxins

cholera

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clinical manifestations of duodenal ulcers

bleeding from duodenal ulcers causes ________ or _______
the characteristic pain begins __ min to __ hours after eating when the stomach is empty
duodenal ulcers occur w ______ frequency than other types of peptic ulcers
pain is relieved by ____

hematemesis, melena
30, 2
greater
food

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the pathophys process of alcoholic cirrhosis
-impairs the hepatocytes ability to oxidize ______, synthesize ____ and ____, degrade _____ and clear ______ of ______ and _____

alcohol is transformed to _________, which promotes liver ______
________ function is impaired, decreasing _____ of fatty acids
_________ inhibits export of _____ from the liver

fatty acids
enzymes, proteins
hormones
portal blood
ammonia toxins
acetaldehyde
fibrosis
mitochondrial
oxidation
acetaldehyde
proteins

vomiting
_________ medications: for nausea and vomiting
_________, ________, and _________ are antagonists of _______ which activates the trigger zone of vomiting

antiemetic 
metoclopramide
domperidone
haloperidol
dopamine

disorders of motility
intestinal obstruction
any condition that prevents the flow of chyme through the intestinal lumen or failrue of normal intestinal motility in the absence of an obstructing lesion

clinical manifestations:
cardinal symptoms of ____intestine obstruction: _____ pain caused by _______, followed by ________

small
colicky
distention
vomiting

bloody stools with frank bright red or burgundy blood from the _____

hematochezia

rectum

chronic antral gastritis
generally involves only the _______ and is more common than __________

it is caused by __________ or the chronic use of ____, ____ and _____

h. pylori
antrum
fundal gastritis
H. pylori
alcohol, tobacco, NSAIDs

the most immediate result of a small intestinal obstruction is _________

it beings almost immediately, as gases and fluids accumulate _______ to the obstruction

within __ hours, up to __ L of fluid and ______ enters the ____ in the form of _____, _____, ____, ______ and ________

_____ vomiting or ________ of fluids in the intestinal lumen prevents their reabsorption and produces severe ____ and ______ disturbances

distention
proximal
24
8
electrolytes
lumen
saliva
gastric juice
bile
pancreatic juice
intestinal secretions
copious
sequestration
fluid
electrolyte

true facts regarding the sources of increased ammonia that contribute to hepatic encephalopathy

_____ of intestinal ____ digestion are sources of increased ammonia
digested ___ leaking from ruptured ____ is a source of increased ammonia
________ bacteria in the colon are sources of increased ammonia

end products, protein
blood, varices
ammonia-forming

cancer of the ___ and _______ colon clinical manifestations

______ colored blood mixed with ______
______
______
_______ mass in the _____ ____ quadrant

cecum
ascending
mahogony
stool
anemia
pain
palpable, lower right

______ inflammation of the pancreas -associated w several clinical disorders _______ and _________

pancreatitis alcohol intake cholelithiasis

__________ vomiting - is caused by direct stimulation of the vomiting center by __________ such as _________, ______, or ______ involving the brainstem

``` projectile neurologic lesions intracranial pressure tumors aneurysms ```

__________ idiopathic inflammatory disorder, affects any part of the digestive tract, from mouth to anus alterations in ______ production have been found in individuals w this disorder ulcerations: _______ having ______ projections

crohn disease immunoglobulin granuloma cobblestone

__________ is an altered level of consciousness as a result of liver failure the underlying mechanism is believed to involve the build up of ______ in the blood, a substance that is normally removed by the ____

hepatic encephalopathy ammonia liver

______ accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity most common cause: _______

ascites | cirrhosis

ulcerative colitis inflammation begins at the base of the ___________ in the ___ intestine, primarily the ____ colon, with infiltration and release of inflammatory ______ from _________, _______, _______, _______, ________, and ______ increased risk for _______ is demonstrated

``` crypts of liberkuhn large left cytokines neutrophils lymphocytes plasma cells macrophages eosinophils mast cells colon cancer ```

common complications of liver disorders - _______ - ____________ - _________

ascites hepatic encephalopathy jaundice

facts about chronic gastritis - tends to occur in _________ - results in chronic ________ and _______ _______ - __________ is a common outcome of chronic gastritis - __________ _______ is often observed w chronic gastritis

older adults inflammation, mucosal atrophy mucosal atrophy epithelial metaplasia

acute pancreatitis ___ or _____ duct obstruction blocks the outflow of pancreatic digestive -can also result from direct ______ injury from ____ or ____ infection -acute pancreatitis is usually ___ and _______ resolves

``` bile, pancreatic cellular drugs viral mild spontaneously ```

``` ____________: is a break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower ________, ________, or ______!!!!!! -acute versus chronic ulcers -superficial (_____) versus deep risk factors - genetic _________ -_________ infection -habitual use of ______ -excessive use of _______, ______, acute ______, ______, ______, ______ and over __ years of age ```

``` peptic ulcer disease esophagus, stomach, duodenum erosions predisposition h. pylori NSAIDs alcohol, smoking, acute pancreatitis, COPD, obesity cirrohsis 65 ```

constipation | normal bowel habits range from ___ or __ evacuations per day to ___ per week

two, three | one

``` all forms of acute hepatitis present with: 1 2, ______, ______ and _____ 3 4 5 _______, _____, _______ ```

``` jaundice fever, weight loss, fatigue dark urine hepatosplenomegaly nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain ```

cause of abdominal pain -chemical mediators such as _______, _______, and _______ produce abdominal pain - ______ and _______ congestion produce abdominal pain by ______ - _______, caused by distention of bowel _______, or _________ vessel ______, produces abdominal pain

``` histamine, bradykinin, serotonin edema, vascular stretching ischemia obstruction mesenteric, thrombosis ```

disorders of motility large bowel obstruction most common: __________, _______ (twisting), and ______ related to _________

colorectal cancer volvulus strictures diverticulitis

true statements concerning the accumulations of fluid in the peritoneal cavity - impaired excretion of ________ by the _____ promotes ____ retention - decreased ________ pressure and increased _______ ______ _____ pressure cause the movement of fluid into the peritoneal cavity

``` sodium kidneys water oncotic hepatic sinusoidal hydrostatic ```

acute hepatitis - hepatitis is an infection or inflammation of the liver - most cases of acute hepatitis are from viral hep A or B. ________ for unknown reasons, rarely presents with an accute infection and is found as a silent infection on blood test, unfortunately, when pt present with ________ - hep __ exits exclusively in those who have active viral replications of hep B

hep C cirrohsis D