Chapter 39 Flashcards
urinary tract obstruction
- compensatory hypertrophy and hyperfunction
- partially counteracts the negative consequences of ________ obstruction
- _____________
- __________
unilateral
obligatory growth
compensatory
unilateral obstruction
when the right kidney is obstructed, the _______ and _______ in the left kidney compensate by _______ in size
glomeruli, tubules
increase
kidney stones
composition of mineral salts
-most common type of renal stone is __________ and calcium phosphate
genetic disorders of amino acid metabolism
-excess urine can cause cystinuric, or xanthine, stone formation in the presence of a ______ pH
________: are large and fill the minor and major calyces
calcium oxalate
low urine
staghorn calculi
______ stones
they are more common in women then in men
-they grow ____ and branch into a ______ configuration in renal _____ and ______
-these stones are closely associated with ____ caused by ________ producing bacteria such as _________
struvite large staghorn pelvis calyces UTIs urease psuedomonas
kidney stones
the function of __________, _________, and ________: they inhibit _____ growth, _______ stone formation
potassium citrate pyrophosphate magnesium crystal prevent
clinical manifestation
_______ pain
-is described as ______ to _____ pain
-pain originates in the _____ area
-this type of pain indicates the presence of _____ stones
-pain radiated to the _______
-indicates obstruction of the renal ____ or __________
renacolic moderate, severe flank renal groin pelvis, proximal ureter
lower UTI obstruction
__________: overactive or hyperreflexive bladder function
dyssynergia
lower UTI obstruction
_________: uninhibited or reflex bladder
develops from ______ disorders that originate above the _______ _______ ______ results in this
detrusor hyperreflexia
neurologic
pontine micturition center
is a medical term used to identify a function urinary tract obstructed caused by an interruption of the ____ supply to the _____!!!!!!
neurogenic bladder
nerve
bladder
bladder _______ and urinary ________
related to the bladder would result from the effects of _______ of the sacral segments below __
distension
retention
lesions
S1
lower urinary tract obstruction treatment
the ______ muscles of the bladder ___, to treat bladder ___ obstruction are _____________ blocking (________) medications
-because the bladder neck consists of circular smooth muscle with _______ innervation, ______ ______ _____ may be managed by a-adrenergic blocking medications
circular neck neck adrenergic blocking anti muscarinic detrusor sphincter dysserngia
risk factors for developing bladder and kidney cancers
1
2
3
cig smoking
hypertension
exposure to aniline dyes
renal tumors
_____________ is rare
renal transitional cell carcinoma
renal cell carcinoma
classified as ________ tumors according to cell __ and extent of _______, arises from the ______ _______ _______
clear cell
type, metastasis
proximal tubular epithelium
bladder tumors
-bladder cancer is associated with the gene mutation _______ mutations
tp53
urinary tract infection
most common pathogens
-the most cause of uncomplicated UTI infections _______
-_______________
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
UTI
Considering host defense mechanisms, the element in the urine is _____ is _____!!
______ urine washes out bacteria, and urine with higher _____ concentrations (high osmolarity) is more _________
Mechanisms that protect the urinary tract from infection include: _____ urine.
The low pH is a mechanism that reduces the likelihood of ________
clincial manifestations of a UTI may be demonstrated in a __ year old inviduals
Older adults with _____ may demonstrate _____ or vague _______ discomfort or otherwise be asymptomatic.
bacteriostatic, urea dilute urea bacteriostatic acidic infection 85 cystitis confusion abdominal
pylenonephritis
acute:
Acute infection of the ureter, renal pelvis, and/or renal parenchyma
Evaluation- differentiating sign is required to make the diagnosis of pyelonephritis from that of ____
_____casts, indicating pyelonephritis
cystitis
WBC
Pyelonephritis is usually caused by the bacteria.
1
2
3
E coli
protus
psuedomonas
________
The abnormal laboratory value is found in _______ disorders is elevated _______ concentration
This is primarily excreted by glomerular filtration after being constantly released from _____ tissue
creatinine
glomerular
creatinine
muscular
glomerulonephritis
In glomerulonephritis activated ______ and altered membrane _______ damages the epithelial cells that results in ________
Activated complement, inflammatory _______, ______, _________ , and ________attack epithelial cells, alter membrane permeability, and cause proteinuria.
complement
permeability
proteinuria
cytokines, oxidants, proteases, growth factors
acute glomerulonephritis
____________ : Most common cause _________ -mediated glomerular injury with increased glomerular ______ and __________
-thickening of the ________ _______ wall with immune deposition of immunoglobulin ___ and __
membraneous nephropathy complement pearmability glomerulosclerosis glomerular capillary G, IgG C3
goodpasture syndrome
__________ basement membrane disease is associated with __ antibody formation against pulmonary capillary and glomerular basement membranes.
antiglomerular
IgG
clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome
Excretion of 3.0 g or more of protein in urine
Protein excretion as a result of glomerular inj
1
2
3
4
hypothyroidism
edema
hyperlipidemia
lipiduria
