Chapter 3 Arterial Testing (signs, symtoms, disease mechanisms) Flashcards by Ysabella Hartnett

What are the 3 types of chronic occlusive disease

1) claudication
2) ischemic rest pain
3) tissue loss

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What type of chronic occlusive disease results when there is pain in muscles usually occurring during exercise subsidding with rest

Claudication

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This type of chronic occlusive disease results from inadequate blood supply to muscle

Claudication

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Pseudo-claudication mimics _______ symptoms but is neurogenic or orthopedic in origin

Vascular

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This type of chronic occlusive disease is a more severe symptom of diminished blood flow and occurs when a limb is not dependent

Ischemic rest pain

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What type of chronic occlusive disease results from necrosis or death of tissue and is due to deficient or absent blood supply

Tissue loss

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Name the 6 P’s of acute arterial occlusion

1) pain
2) pallor
3) pulselessness
4) paraesthesia
5) paralysis
6) polar (cold)

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What type of occlusion is an emergency situation since the abrupt onset does not provide for the development of collateral channels

Acute arterial occlusion

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What type of occlusion may result from thrombus, embolism, or trauma

Acute arterial occlusion

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A condition that exists when symptoms of intermittent digital ischemia occur in response to cold exposure or emotional stress

Raynaud’s phenomenon

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What color is pallor

White

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What color is cyanosis

Blue

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What color is rubor

Dark red

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Ischemia due to digital arterial spasms, common in young women that may be hereditary describes what vasospastic disorder

Primary Raynauds

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What is another name for secondary raynauds

Obstructive raynauds syndrome

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Secondary Raynauds may be the first manisfestation of ________ disease

Buergers

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________ result of deficient blood supply; skin pale

Pallor

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________ suggests dilated vessels or vessels dilated secondary to reactive hyperemia; skin is reddened

Rubor

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_________ is a concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin causing a bluish discoloration

Cyanosis

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Name 5 arteries that are palpable pulses

1) aorta
2) femoral
3) popliteal
4) DPA
5) PTA

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What artery is not palpable

Peroneal

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What’s another name for auscultation

Bruits

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Elevated plasma lipids closely associated with development of atherosclerosis describes

Hyperlipidemia

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What is another name for atherosclerosis

Obliterans

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Thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the artery walls describes

Atherosclerosis

In atherosclerosis changes occur in what 2 layers of the vessel

intima and media

Smoking, hyperlipidemia and family history are major risk factors for

Atherosclerosis

What is caused by obstruction of the aorta usually occurring in males

Leriche syndrome

Obstruction of a vessel by a foreign substance or blood clot describes a

Embolism

Blue toe syndrome is an example of

Embolism

Small plaque breaking loose and traveling distally until it lodges in a small vessel is the most frequent cause of an

Embolism

What type of aneurysm is a dilatation of all 3 arterial wall layers

True aneurysm

Name the 2 types of true aneurysms

1) fusiform 2) saccular

Diffuse circumferential dilatation describes what type of aneurysm

Fusiform

A localized out pouching describes what type of aneurysm

Saccular

This type of aneurysm occurs when a small tear of the the inner wall allows blood to form a cavity between 2 wall layers

Dissecting

Where does a dissecting aneurysm often occur

Thoracic aorta

This type of aneurysm results for me a defect in the main artery wall

Pseudo-aneurysm

The most common location of a true aneurysm is

infrarenal aorta

What is another name for Buergers disease

Thromboangitis obliterans

What is a congenital narrowing or structure of the thoracic aorta called

Coarctation of the aorta

A thin membrane dividing the arterial lumen into 2 compartments describes a

Dissection

In a dissection what part of the arterial wall is weakened A) intima B) media C) adventitia

B) media

_______ claudication results from inadequate blood supply to the exercising muscle

True

What are the 4 causes of true claudication

1) arterial spasms 2) atherosclerosis 3) arteriosclerosis 4) occlusion

What is another name for pseudo false claudication

Musculoskeletal

Buttock claudication strongly suggests what type of disease

Aorto iliac

In buttock claudication if symptoms are unilateral this suggests what type of disease

Iliofemoral

Thigh claudication suggests what type of disease

External iliac/common femoral

Calf claudication suggests what type of disease

Femoral/ popliteal disease

Where do 3 symptoms occur during ischemic rest pain

1) forefoot 2) heel 3) toes

What part of the body does ischemic rest pain not in

Calf

_________ is the most severe symptom of arterial insufficiency

Necrosis

Name the 4 risk factors and contributing diseases

1) diabetes 2) hypertension 3) hyperlipidemia 4) smoking

Atherosclerosis most commonly occurs where

At the carotid bifurcation

________ ________ syndrome may be caused by ulcerated and/or atherosclerotic lesion: and embolization

Blue toe

What are the 2 main complications of an aneurysm

1) rupture of aortic aneurysm 2) distal embolization of peripheral aneurysm

__________ is not generally considered to be a causative factor for a dissecting aneurysm

Atherosclerosis

A __________ is essentially a pulsating hematoma

Pseudo aneurysm

To be considered a _____________there must be a communication from the main artery to the pulsatile structure in the tissue

Pseudo aneurysm

What are the 3 types of arteritis

1) Takayasu 2) temporal 3) poly arteritis

What is the most common form of arteritis

Buergers disease

What is another name for Buegers disease

Thromboangiitis obliterans

___________ __________ is a secondary result of Buergers disease

Superficial thrombophlebitis

Buergers disease is most often associated with collagen vascular syndromes such as ________ arthritis and _______

Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus

What disease is associated with heavy smoking, occurring in men younger than 40 and presents with occlusions of the distal arteries

Buergers disease

2 clinical findings of coarctation of the aorta include

1) hypertension due to decreased kidney perfusion 2) manifestations of lower extremity ischemia

What are 2 other names for primary Raynaud’s phenomenon

1) Raynaud’s disease 2) spastic Raynauds syndrome

Primary Raynauds syndrome is common in young _______ and may be ________

Young women Hereditary

What are 2 other names for secondary Raynauds

1) secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon 2) obstructive raynaud syndrome

What is the most written about entrapment syndrome

Entrapment of the popliteal artery

Entrapment of the popliteal artery is caused by compression of the _______ artery by the _______ head of the ________ muscle

Compression of the pop artery by the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle

_______ is a result of deficient blood supply

Parlor

______ suggests damaged dilated vessels or vessels dilated as a result of reactive hyperemia or infection

Rubor

__________ occurs when there is a concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin

Cyanosis

Livedo reticularis is what color

Purple

__________ __________ is on the skin of the dorsum of the foot and is usually the result of dilated capillary and venule filling

Livedo reticularis

__________ as a result of arterial insufficiency are deep and regular in shape

Ulcerations

Where are ulcerations usually located

Over the tibial area

_________ is death of a tissue

Gangrene

________ is caused by deficient or absent blood supply

Gangrene

Loss of hair on the extremity may reflect a poor _______ state caused by decreased ________

Poor nutritional state by decreased circulation

An _______ in capillary refill time denoted a ______ in arterial perfusion

Increase Decrease

A diminished or absent pulse suggests _______ _________

Arterial insufficiency

A 0 grading pulse means

None

A 1+ grading pulse means

Weak

A 2+ grading pulse means

Good

A 3 + grading pulse means

Strong

A 4+ grading pulse means

Bounding

What artery can’t be palpated

Peroneal

_______ are abnormal low frequency sounds heard on auscultation

Bruits

Bruits are caused by significant stenosis that sets up a vibratory response in the tissue _______ to the stenosis

Distal

A 1+ bruit indicates

Mild

A 2 + bruit indicates

Moderate

A 3 + bruit indicates

Severe

A bruit that extends throughout diastole is sometimes referred to as

Pandiastolic

A bruit that extends throughout diastole is usually associated with more severe _______ _______

Arterial disease