Chapter 3: Cells

Question 1

a theory stating that all living organisms are composed of cells

Answer 1

cell theory

Question 2

device that uses light and a series of lenses to obtain images of a specimen

Answer 2

light microscope

Question 3

having a cell or cells that lack a distinct nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Answer 3

prokaryotic

Question 4

pertaining to cells having distinct membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus with chromosomes

Answer 4

eukaryotic

Question 5

the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were free-living bacteria that became incorporated in cells

Answer 5

endosymbiotic theory

Question 6

the relatively rigid boundary of cells of plants and certain other organisms

Answer 6

cell wall

Question 7

a membrane-bound body in the cytoplasm of a cell; there are several kinds, each with a specific function

Answer 7

organelle

Question 8

living part of a cell

Answer 8

protoplasm

Question 9

the protoplasm of a cell exclusive of the nucleus

Answer 9

cytoplasm

Question 10

What is the main structural component of cell walls?

Answer 10

cellulose
-cell walls also typically contain a matrix of hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins

Question 11

a layer of material, rich in pectin, that cements two adjacent cell walls together
-permeable and permits slower movement of water and dissolved substances between cells

Answer 11

middle lamella

Question 12

minute strands of cytoplasm that extend between adjacent cells through pores in the walls
-the translocation of sugars, amino acids, ions, and other substances occurs here

Answer 12

plasmodesma (pl. plasmodesmata)

Question 13

the outer boundary of the protoplasm of a cell; also called “cell membrane,” particularly in animal cells
-composed mostly of lipids

Answer 13

plasma membrane

Question 14

a porous double membrane enclosing a nucleus

Answer 14

nuclear envelope

Question 15

a somewhat spherical body within a nucleus; contains primarily RNA and protein; there may be more than one per nucleus

Answer 15

nucleolus (pl. nucleoli)

Question 16

a readily staining complex of DNA and proteins found in chromosomes

Answer 16

chromatin

Question 17

a body consisting of a linear sequence of genes and composed of DNA and proteins; found in cell nuclei and appear in contracted form during mitosis and meiosis

Answer 17

chromosome

Question 18

a complex system of interlinked, double-membrane channels subdividing the cytoplasm of a cell into compartments; parts of it are lined with ribosomes

Answer 18

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 19

a granular particle composed of 2 subunits consisting of RNA and proteins; lack membranes, are the sites of protein synthesis, and are very numerous in living cells

Answer 19

ribosome

Question 20

an organelle consisting of disc-shaped, often branching hollow tubules that function in accumulating and packaging substances used in the synthesis of materials by the cell

Answer 20

dictyosome

Question 21

an organelle associated primarily with the storage or manufacture of carbohydrates

Answer 21

plastid

Question 22

an organelle containing chlorophyll, found in cells of most photosynthetic organisms; sites of photosynthesis

Answer 22

chloroplast

Question 23

a series of stacked thylakoids within a chloroplast are arranged in stacks that form the grana of chloroplasts

Answer 23

granum (pl. grana)

Question 24

coin-shaped membranes whose contents include chlorophyll; they are arranged in stacks that form the grana of chloroplasts

Answer 24

thylakoid

Question 25

green pigments essential to photosynthesis

Answer 25

chlorophyll

Question 26

a region constituting the bulk of the volume of a chloroplast or other plastid; it contains enzymes that in chloroplasts play a key role in carbon fixation, carbohydrate synthesis, and other photosynthetic reactions

Answer 26

stroma

Question 27

a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll; the pigments are usually yellow to orange

Answer 27

chromoplast

Question 28

a colorless plastid commonly associated with starch accumulation -amyloplasts, elaioplasts

Answer 28

leucoplast

Question 29

a tiny, undifferentiated organelle that can duplicate itself and that may develop into chloroplast, leucoplast, or other types of plastids

Answer 29

proplastid

Question 30

an organelle containing enzymes that function in the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration, which involves the production of ATP from food molecules

Answer 30

mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria)

Question 31

a small, spherical organelle which contains special enzymes and is bounded by a single membrane

Answer 31

microbody

Question 32

organelle that contains enzymes for breakdown of toxic substances and, in plants, participates in photorespiration

Answer 32

peroxisome

Question 33

organelle that contains enzymes for the conversion of fats into sugars

Answer 33

glyoxisome

Question 34

a pocket of fluid that is separated from the cytoplasm of a cell by a membrane; also, food-storage or contractile pockets within the cytoplasm of unicellular organisms

Answer 34

vacuole

Question 35

the eliminating membrane of a cell vacuole; aka tonoplast

Answer 35

vacuolar membrane

Question 36

the liquid contents of a vacuole

Answer 36

cell sap

Question 37

a protein filament involved with cytoplasmic streaming and with contraction and movement in eukaryotic cells

Answer 37

microfilaments

Question 38

a sequence of events involved in the division of a cell

Answer 38

cell cycle

Question 39

period in which the cell is performing its intended function and not dividing

Answer 39

interphase

Question 40

nuclear division, usually accompanied by cytokinesis, during which the chromatids of the chromosomes separate and two genetically identical daughter nuclei are produced

Answer 40

mitosis

Question 41

division of a cell, usually following mitosis

Answer 41

cytokinesis

Question 42

stage of mitosis or meiosis in which chromosomes become thick and visible

Answer 42

prophase

Question 43

one of the two strands of a chromosome; they are united by a centromere

Answer 43

chromatids

Question 44

the dense, constricted portion of a chromosome to which a spindle fiber is attached

Answer 44

centromere

Question 45

a specialized protein complex that develops on the vertical face of a centromere during late prophase; spindle fibers are attached to it

Answer 45

kinetochore

Question 46

structures consisting of microtubules that assist in chromosome separating during cell division

Answer 46

spindle fibers

Question 47

stage of mitosis or meiosis in which sister chromatids line up along the equatorial plane

Answer 47

metaphase

Question 48

an aggregation of fiber like threads (microtubules) that appears in cells during mitosis or meiosis

Answer 48

spindle

Question 49

stage of mitosis or meiosis in which sister chromatids separate

Answer 49

anaphase

Question 50

chromatid that becomes a chromosome after separation from a duplicated DNA molecule

Answer 50

daughter chromosomes

Question 51

stage of mitosis or meiosis in which new cells become independent

Answer 51

telophase

Question 52

the precursor of the middle lamella; it forms at the equator during telophase

Answer 52

cell plate

Question 53

independent cell after completion of mitosis or meiosis

Answer 53

daughter cell

Question 54

What are the differences between plant and animal cells?

Answer 54

plant cells have central vacuoles, plastids (chloroplasts), and cell walls

Question 55

What phase is this?

Answer 55

interphase

Question 56

What stage of mitosis is this?

Answer 56

prophase

Question 57

What stage of mitosis is this?

Answer 57

metaphase

Question 58

What stage of mitosis is this?

Answer 58

anaphase

Question 59

What stage of mitosis is this?

Answer 59

telophase

Question 60

ribosomes stud the outside of the membrane; produces new membrane, membrane protein, and secretory proteins

Answer 60

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 61

lacks ribosomes on the surface and produces lipids, including steroids

Answer 61

smooth endoplasmic reticulum