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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 3: Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Cells are the

A

basic building blocks of life

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2
Q

all new cells come from…

A

preexisting cells

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3
Q

cells are the ______ living unit that carry out all vital physiology function

A

smallest

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4
Q

What separates the inside of the cell from the outside

?

A

plasma membrane

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5
Q

cytosol=

A

intracellular fluid

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6
Q

what are the two components of the cytoplasm?

A
  1. cytosol and 2. organelles
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7
Q

what makes up the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Hydrophilic heads & hydrophobic tails

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8
Q

hydrophilic heads

A

lie at the surface, absorb water

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9
Q

hydrophobic tails

A

on the inside, don’t like water

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10
Q

what is the plasma membrane composed of ?

A

phospholipid bilayer, proteins

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11
Q

the plasma membrane is a ______ permeable barrier

A

semi

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12
Q

List fo membrane proteins

A

Integral proteins
Transmembrane
Peripheral
Glycocalyx

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13
Q

phospholipids interested with ________

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

non membranous organelles

A

not completely enclosed

direct contact w/ cytosol

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15
Q

membranous organelles

A

indirect contact

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16
Q

cytoskeleton

A

provides internal protein framework, give cytoplasm strength

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17
Q

cytoskeleton is composed of…

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, centrioles, cilia

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18
Q

microfilaments do what?

A

increase surface area

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19
Q

microtubules

A

strengthen cell and anchor organelles, change cell shape and move things inside cell. ( monorail at Disney)

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20
Q

centrioles w/o centrioles can’t _______

A

divide

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21
Q

function of cilia?

A

movement across cell surface

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22
Q

Ribsosomes are responsible for

A

protein synthesis

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23
Q

Two kinds of Ribosomes

A

free and fixed

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24
Q

fixed ribosomes are attached to

A

rough ER

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25
Endopplasmic Reticulm function
synthesis and stores proteins, lipids, and carbs
26
Rough ER is where _____ is made
protein
27
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
store, alter, and package synthesized products. acts like the post office
28
products of the Golgi apparatus
1. membrane renewal vesicles 2. secretory vesicles 3. lyosomes
29
function of lysosomes
break down organism compounds
30
what do peroxisomes do?
break down organic compounds
31
what is membrane flow?
it is the continuous movement and exchange of materials
32
What is the function of mitochondria?
produce ATP for cell
33
Steps of ATP production
1. glycolysis 2. in mitochondrial matrix 3. forms H20 4. atp leaves
34
The nucleus direct ______ ________ to environmental changes
cellular responses
35
what are the contents of the nucleus
dna, nuceloplasm, nucleoi
36
DNA in the nucleus signals?
signals cells what proteins to make
37
DNA pairs
A&T | C&G
38
1st step in protein
Gene Activation | - removal of histones and DNA uncoiling
39
2nd step in protein synthesis
DNA strands separate
40
3rd step in protein synthesis
Transcription - copies instructions in nucleus from DNA to mRNA - series of 3 RNA nucleotides called codon
41
4th step in protein synthesis
mRNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pores
42
5th step in protein synthesis
translation | - at ribosome, translate message
43
6th step in protein synthesis
tRNA carries specific amino acid
44
7th step in protein synthesis
rRNA of the ribosome strings amino acid together
45
protein synthesis begins when
a gene on DNA produces messenger RNA
46
Characteristic of materials that can pass through the plasma membrane
size, molecular shape, lipid solubility, electrical charge
47
Characteristics of cell membrane
what lipids and proteins present | how components are arranged
48
active transport
require ATP vesicular transport 3 sodiums out, 2 potassium in
49
passive transport
doesn't require ATP diffusion carrier mediated transport
50
diffusion is a _______ movement riven by concentration difference
passive
51
move from ________ concentration to ________ concentration
high, low
52
simple diffusion
moves right through across lipid portion of membrane
53
Chanel- mediated diffusion
movement through membrane channel | -water, small water-soluble molecules, ions
54
Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is _________
osmosis
55
movement of water driven by osmosis
osmotic flow
56
solution doesn't cause osmotic flow across membrane
isotonic solution
57
causes osmotic flow into the cell, less concentrated, swell and burst (hemolysis)
hypotonic solution
58
osmotic flow out of cell, shriveling and dehydrated
hypertonic solution
59
_______ is isotonic with blood
Saline
60
facilitated diffusion
requires no ATP | limited
61
what 2 things make up the life cycle of a cell?
interphase and cell division
62
2 daughter cells produced , each w/ 46 chromosomes, form of cellular respiration
mitosis
63
cell prepares for cell division
interphase
64
M phases includes
mitosis and cytokinesis
65
mitosis goes through the following...
1. prophase 2. metaphase 3. anaphase 4. telophase

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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