Chapter 6 Flashcards
1
Q
How many bones does the axial skeleton have?
A
80 bones
2
Q
How many bones does the appendicular skeleton have?
A
126 bones
3
Q
How many bones does the human body have?
A
206 bones
4
Q
The axial skeleton contains bones of the
A
skull, thorax, and vertebral column
5
Q
The appendicular skeleton contains bones of all the
A
limbs and griddles
6
Q
The appendicular skeleton attach bones of all limbs and griddles that attach them to what
A
axial skeleton
7
Q
What are the 5 primary functions of the skeletal system
A
- support
- store minerals and lipids
- produce blood cells
- protection
- leverage
8
Q
Bones are classified by
A
shape and internal tissue organization
9
Q
What bone:
thin with parallel surface.
ex: skull bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae
A
flat bones
10
Q
What bone:
small, irregular bone
ex: found between flat bones of the skull
A
Sutural bones
11
Q
What bone:
relatively long and thin
ex: arm, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes
A
long bones
12
Q
what bone:
have complex shapes
ex: vertebrae, bones of pelvic, facial bones
A
Irregular bones
13
Q
What bone:
small and flat
ex: develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, feet
A
Seasmoid bones
14
Q
What bone:
small and bony/thick
ex: bones of carpals (wrist) and tarsals (ankles)
A
Short bones
15
Q
Bone markings that are along bone surface, indicate locations of blood vessels or nerves
A
depression, grooves, or tunnels
16
Q
Bone marking that are muscles, tendons, and ligament attachments. At articulations with other bones
A
Elevations or projections
17
Q
Describe the structure of the long bone
A
Epiphysis, diaphysis, and metaphysis
18
Q
Wide part at each end. Articulation with other bones (joints). Made mostly of spongy bone. Covered with articular cartilage
A
Epiphysis
19
Q
The epiphysis is made mostly of what
A
spongy bone
20
Q
The epiphysis is covered with?
A
articular cartilage
21
Q
The shaft. A heavy wall made of compact bone. A central space called the medullary cavity.
A
diaphysis
22
Q
What is the central space in the diaphysis called?
A
medullary cavity
23
Q
What is in the medullary cavity?
A
red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow
24
Q
involved in the red blood cell production
A
red bone marrow
25
what bone marrow:
| adipose tissue, energy reserve
yellow bone marrow
26
Where the diaphysis and the epiphysis meet
Metaphysis
27
What bone:
| Resembles a sandwich of spongy bone. Spongy bone is between 2 layers of compact bone
Flat bone
28
Bones have __________ blood supply
extensive
29
Enter the diaphysis through the nutrient foramen. And the femur has more than one pair
Nutrient artery and vein
30
Nutrient artery and vein enter through the
nutrient foramen
31
Supply the blood where bone growth occurs
Metaphyseal vessels
32
Periosteum also contains what?
lymphatic vessels and sensory nerves
33
Bone tissues is a _________ __________ tissue.
supportive connective
34
Bone tissue contains
specialized cells and matrix
35
_________ _______ despots are found in the matrix around the protein fibers
Calcium salt
36
What are the 4 types of bone cells
1. Osteoprogenitor cells (osteogenic cells)
2. Osteoblast
3. Osteocytes
4. Osteoclasts
37
Which bone cell:
Mescenhymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblast. Located in thinner lining of periosteum, lining endosperm in medullary cavity, lining passageways containing blood vessels. assist in fracture repair
Osteoprogenitor (osteogenic cells)
38
Osteogenic cells turn into what?
Osteoblasts
39
What bone cell?
| Immature cone cells that build/produce the matrix
Osteoblast
40
Osteoblast surrounded by bone become what?
Osteocytes
41
What bone cell:
Mature bone cells that maintain the matrix. Live in lacunae (pockets). Separated by layers (lamellae) of matrix. Interconnected by canaliculi. Do NOT divide
Osteocytes
42
Osteocytes do not _______
divide
43
Osteocytes are mature bone cells that ________ the matrix
maintain
44
What bone cell:
Remove and recycle bone matrix. Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes. Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals. Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages.
Osteoclasts
45
Osteoclast ________ and _________ bone matrix.
remove, recycle
46
Osteoclasts dissolve bone matrix and release ______ _________.
stored minerals
47
Bone cells must maintain a balance between what
bone building by osteoblast and bone recycling by osteoclast
48
If bones are breaking down more than building, the bones become what?
weak
49
What causes osteoblasts to build more bone?
Exercise, particularly weight-bearing exercise
50
2/3 of the bone matrix is made of
calcium phosphate
51
1/3 of bone matrix is made of _________ _________ to provide ________
collagen fibers, flexible
52
Structure of the compact bone:
| What is the basic functional unit?
Osteon
53
Osteocytes are arranged in
concentric lamellae
54
Around a ______ ______ containing blood vessels
central canal
55
Perforating canals are ___________ to the central canal and carry blood vessels into the bone and marrow.
perpendicular
56
Defined as lamellae wrapped around the outside of a long bone
Circumferential lamellae
57
Structure of Spongy Bone:
| Lamellae form an open network of what?
trabeculae (struts and plates)
58
Structure of Spongy Bone:
| Space between trabeculae is filled with
red bone marrow
59
Appositional growth in bones increase the _______ of existing bones
diameter
60
Osteogenic cells differentiate into ________ to add bone matrix under the periosteum
osteoblast
61
Trapped osteoblast become what
osteocytes
62
Osteoclasts _______ matrix at inner surface to enlarge medullary cavity.
remove
63
Periosteum overs all bone except parts ___________________
of the ends of bones
64
What are the 2 layers of periosteum
outer (fibrous )
| inner (cellular)
65
What kind of fibers allow for strong attachment?
Perforating
66
Defined as a fiber that connect with collagen fibers in the bone, connect with fibers of joint calluses to allow for tendon and ligament attachment.
Perforating fibers
67
Perforating fibers are also called
sharpie fibers
68
What are the functions of the periosteum?
1. isolates bones from surrounding tissues
2. route for blood and nervous supply
3. actively participates in bone growth and repair
69
The endosteum is an _________ cellular layer,
incomplete
70
The endosteum line the
medullary cavity
71
What part of the compact bone is an incomplete cellular layer, lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone, lines central canals. It contains osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor velds, and osteoclasts. Active in bone remodeling
Endosteum
72
The endosteum is active in
bone remodeling
73
What are the 2 main forms of ossification?
1. endochondral and 2. intramembranous
74
Type of ossification that ossifies bones that originate as hyaline cartilage
Endochondral
75
Endochondral ossification ossifies bones that originate from what
hyaline cartilage
76
At puberty, epiphyseal cartilage becomes more narrow and eventually closes leaving behind the
epiphyseal line
77
step in endochondral ossification that is the beginning of the spongy bone production. Start to add matrix, located in the center of diaphysis
Primary ossification center
78
step in endochondral ossification that is moving toward the epiphysis
meduallry cavity
79
step in the endochondral ossification where capillaries and osteoblast migrate into the epiphyses
secondary ossification center
80
At puberty, epiphyseal cartilage becomes more narrow and eventually closes leaving behind what?
epiphyseal line
81
What type of ossification occurs in the deeper layers of the dermis?
Intramembranous ossification
82
Bones store what?
calcium and other minerals
83
Calcium is the most __________ mineral in the body.
abundant
84
Calcium is vital to what?
1. muscle contraction
2. blood coagulation
3. nerve impulse generation
85
Calcium levels must be what?
regulated (calcium homeostasis)
86
Calcium is regulated by what?
1. calcitonin
| 2. parathyroid hormone
87
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone are controlled by activities of
1. intestines (absorption)
2. bones (storage)
3. Kidneys (excretion)
88
In controlling calcitonin and PTH, what are the intestines important for?
absorption
89
In controlling calcitonin and PTH, what are the bones important for?
storage
90
In controlling calcitonin and PTH, what are the kidneys important for?
excretion
91
If calcium levels drop, _____________ is secreted.
parathyroid hormone
92
PTH will increase calcium ion levels by:
1. stimulating osteoclast
2. increasing intestinal absorption of calcium
3. decreasing excretion
93
If calcium levels increase, ______ is secreted.
calcitonin
94
Calcitonin will decrease calcium ions by:
1. inhibiting osteoclast activity
2. increasing calcitonin level
3. decreasing intestinal absorption
95
As a calcium reserve, the _______ has a primary role in homeostasis.
skelton
96
The adult skeleton:
1. maintains itself
2. replaces mineral reserves
3. recycles and renews bone matrix
4. involves osteocytes, osteoblast, and osteoclast
97
Describe the process of bone remodeling
bone continually remodels, recycles, and replaces
98
If deposition is greater than removal, bones get ________
stronger
99
If removal is faster than replacement, bones get _______.
weaker
100
What makes bones become thicker and stronger?
Heavily stressed bones
101
How much bones mass can be lost in just a few weeks of inactivity?
1/3 of bone mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity.
102
Defined as a crack or break due to extreme mechanical stress. Most heal as long as blood supply and cellular parts of periosteum and endosteum survive.
fracture
103
Fractures are repaired in 4 steps
1. fracture hematoma formation
2. callus formation
3. spongy bone formation
4. compact bone formation
104
What is the 1st step in fracture repair and describe it
1. fracture hematoma formation
large clot closes injured vessels. develops within several hours
105
What is the 2nd step in fracture repair and describe it
2. callus formation
internal: network of spongy bone. unites inner edges of fracture
external: composed of cartilage and bone. stabilizes outer edges of fractures
106
What is the 3rd step in fracture repair and describe it
3. spongy bone formation:
osteoblasts
cartilage of external callus, replaced by spongy bone. bone fragments and dead bone are removed and replaced. ends of fractures held firmly in place
107
What is the 4th step in fracture repair and describe it
4. compact bone formation
(osteoblast and osteocytes remodel the fracture for up to a year)
spongy bone replaced by compact bone. remodeling over time eliminates evidence of fracture
108
completely internal (no break in the skin) only seen on X-rays
closed (simple)
109
open or compound fracture
project through the skin. more dangerous due to infection and uncontrolled bleeding
110
fracture:
| along the long axis
traverse fx
111
fracture:
| abnormal bone alignment
displaced fx
112
compression fx
vertebrae subjected to extreme stress
113
spiral fx
produced by twisting stresses
114
growth plate: could stop growth without proper treatment
epiphyseal fx
115
fracture:
| shattering
communicated fx
116
In children: one side breaks, the other side bends
Greenstick fx
117
Distal portion of radius from cushioning a fall
colles fx
118
occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the leg
Potts fx
