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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The integument system is made of 2 parts:

A

cutaneous membrane and accessory structures

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2
Q

What is in the cutaneous membrane?

A

epidermis and dermis

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3
Q

composed of stratified squamous epithelium

A

epidermis

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4
Q

Papillary layer (areolar connective tissue), reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)

A

dermis

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5
Q

originate in the dermis, extend through the epidermis to the surface

A

accessory structures

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6
Q

where do accessory structures originate

A

dermis

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7
Q

examples of accessory structures

A

nails, hair, exocrine glands

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8
Q

network of blood vessels

A

cutaneous plexus

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9
Q

separates integument from deep fascia, not part of integument

A

subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

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10
Q

what are the functions of the skin?

A
  1. protection of underlying tissues and organs
  2. excretion of salts, water, and organic waste
  3. maintenance of body temperature
  4. production of melanin
  5. synthesis of vitamin d3
  6. production of keratin
  7. storage of lipids in dermis and subcutaneous layer
  8. detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
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11
Q

What is the primary cell type of the epidermis?

A

keratinocyte

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12
Q

Entire epidermis lacks what?

A

blood vessels. cells get oxygen from capillaries in the dermis

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13
Q

How many days does it take for a cell to move from the deepest statrum to most superficial layer?

A

7-10 days

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14
Q

The deepest layers of epidermis, adjacent to dermal papillae, function is to increase surface area for better attachment

A

epidermal ridges

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15
Q

Thin skin has __ layers

A

4

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16
Q

Thick skin has __ layers.

A

5

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17
Q

Thick skin covers what parts of the body?

A

palms of hands and soles of feet

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18
Q

deepest layer of strata. attached to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes. forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis. most cells are basal cells- stem cells that divide to replace more superficial cells

A

stratum basale (5 layer)

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19
Q

The spiny layer of stratum. produced by division of stratum basal. 8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by demsomsomes. Cells shrink until cytoskeleton stick out (spiny). continue to divide, increasing the thickness of epithelium

A

stratum spinosum (4th layer)

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20
Q

The grainy layer of stratum. cells stop dividing and start producing keratin and keratohylain

A

stratum granulosm (3rd layer)

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21
Q

The “clear” layer”. found only in thick skin

A

stratum lucidum (2nd)

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22
Q

The horn layer of stratum. exposed surface of skin. 15-30 kertainzed cells. Water resistant

A

stratum corneum (1st)

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23
Q

The formation of layer of dead, protective cells filled with kerati. occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes

A

keratinization

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24
Q

How long before cells are shed or washed away

A

2 weeks

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25
Q

Skin color is influenced by

A

presence of pigments, blood circulation, thickness and degree of kertinazation in epidermis, exposure to UV radiation

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26
Q

Color: brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment.
Produced by: melanocytes in stratum basale
Stored in: melanocytes
Transfered to: keratinocytes

A

Malanin

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27
Q

Color: orange- yellow pigment
Found in: orange vegetables
Accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis
Can converted to Vitamin A

A

Carotene

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28
Q

Type of skin cancer that stays in the epidermis. Most common form of skin cancer . Orginates in stratum basale due to mutations caused by overexposure to UV radiation.

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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29
Q

Type of skin cancer where melanocytes are more intricately connected to the connective tissue so that is why it often spreads and is more fatal. Extremely dangerous, grow rapidly and metastatasize through lymphatic system

A

Melanoma

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30
Q

How to detect skin cancer?

A 
A- asymmetry
B- border
C- color
D- diameter 
E- evolving
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31
Q

what are the functions of melanocytes?

A

protect skin from skin damage

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32
Q

skin color depends on melanin _________, not on the number of melanocytes

A

production

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33
Q

_________ is red pigment found in red blood cells

A

hemoglobin

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34
Q

blood vessels dilated from heat =

A

skin reddens

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35
Q

blood flow decreases =

A

skin pales

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36
Q

Caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation, bluish skin tint

A

cyanosis

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37
Q

buildup of bile produces by liver, yellow

A

jaundice

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38
Q

excess MSH, darkening of skin occurs, deep bronze

A

pituitary tumor

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39
Q

a disease of the pituitary gland, skin darkening

A

Addisons disease

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40
Q

loss of melanocytes, loss of color

A

vitiligo

41
Q

2 components of the dermis

A

the papillary layer and the reticular layer

42
Q

named for dermal papillae in this region. composed of : areolar tissue. contains smaller capillaries, lympatheic vessels, and sensory neurons

A

Papillary layer

43
Q

inflammation of the papillary layer

A

dermatitis

44
Q

dermatitis is caused by

A

infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals

45
Q

dermatitis is characterized by

A

itch or pain

46
Q

tissue type: interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. Contains larger blood vessels, sympathetic vessels, and nerve fibers. Fibers: collagen and elastic.
All cells of connective tissue proper are present

A

Reticular layer

47
Q

very strong, resist stretching but bend easily. limit the flexibility of elastic fibers to prevent tissue damage.

A

collagen fibers

48
Q

permit stretching and then recoil to original length. provide flexibility

A

elastic fibers

49
Q

what test helps show what is a sign of dehydration

A

skin turgor test

50
Q

sagging and wrinkles are caused by

A

dehydration, age, hormonal changes, UV exposure

51
Q

thickened tissue resulting from excessive stretching of skin due to pregnancy or weight gain

A

stretch marks

52
Q

Separates skin from deeper structures, dominated by adipose tissue, important energy storage site. few capillaries, NO vital organs, superficial regions contains large arteries. Site for subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles

A

Hypodermis

53
Q

sensitive to touch and pressure

A

free nerve endings

54
Q

free nerve ending are located in

A

the epidermis

55
Q

detect texture and steady pressure

A

tactile discs

56
Q

tactile disc are located in the

A

epidermis

57
Q

detect light touch, pressure and vibration

A

Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles

58
Q

Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles are located where

A

in the dermis

59
Q

detect deep pressure and vibration

A

lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles

60
Q

where are lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles located?

A

in the dermis

61
Q

sensitive to pressure and stretching the skin

A

Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles

62
Q

Bulbous (ruffini) corpuscles are located where?

A

the dermis

63
Q

Burns are significant injuries: they damage ____ ______

A

skin integrity

64
Q

Burns compromise many essential functions such as dehydration and electrolyte imbalance which can lead to

A

kidney impairment and circulatory shock

65
Q

Burn severity depends on depth of penetration and _______ _____ ________

A

total area affected

66
Q

What kind of burn is only the surface of the epidermis affected, most sunburns, skin redness results from inflammation

A

First Degree/Partial- Thickness Burn

67
Q

What kind of burn is is the entire epidermis and maybe some of dermis damaged, accessory structures not affected. Blistering, pain, swelling occur. Infection can develop from blisters

A

2nd degree/ Partial- Thickness Burn

68
Q

What kind of burn destroys epidermis, dermis and damage extends into hypodermis. Less painful than 2nd degree burn. Cannot regenerate themselves. Skin grafting usually done.

A

3rd degree burn/Full- Thickness burns

69
Q

Fresh skin usually from the same person. Usually inside of thigh. Place where the burn is so new cells can fill the gaps

A

Skin Graft

70
Q

Burns threaten __________ functions of the skin

A

homeostatic

71
Q

What is the emergency treatment for burns?

A

Replacing lost fluids and electrolytes. Providing sufficient nutrients. Preventing infection. Assisting tissue repair with skin grafts

72
Q

Function of hair:

A
  1. Protection and insulation of the skull from UV radiation
  2. Guards openings against particles and insects
  3. Sensitive to light touch. Sensory nerves at the the base of each hair follicle
73
Q

The arrestor pili muscle causes what

A

goosebumps (involuntary)

74
Q

Sebaceous glands are associated with what?

A

hair follicle

75
Q

Sebaceous glands control what?

A

bacteria

76
Q

Type of gland: oil
Secretes: sebum-
- contains lipids
- lubricates and protects the epidermis
- inhibits bacteria
- conditions the surrounding skin
Can be associated directly with a hair follicle

A

Sebaceous glands

77
Q

Seborrheic dermatitis is a common cause of what

A

dandruff

78
Q

sweat glands produce

A

watery secretions

79
Q

What are the two kinds of sweat glands?

A

apocrine and merocrine (eccrine)

80
Q

Sweat gland:
axillae, around nipple, and pubic region.
sticky, cloudy, doors secretion.
cause ODOR

A

Apocrine

81
Q

Sweat gland:
directly onto the surface of the skin.
watery secretions with electrolytes.
important in thermoregulation and excretion. Highest number found in palms

A

Merocrine (eccrine)

82
Q

Glands that produce milk

A

mammary glands

83
Q

glands that make earwax

A

Ceruminous glands

84
Q

controls sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands . Works simultaneously over entire body at the same time

A

Autonomic Nervous System

85
Q

Controlled independently. Sweating occurs locally. Ex: Only palms may sweat when nervous

A

Merocrine Sweat Glands

86
Q

The main function of sensible perspiration. Works with cardiovascular system. Regulates body temperature

A

Thermoregulation

87
Q

Composed of dead cells packed with keratin

A

Nails

88
Q

Powerful peptide growth factor

A

Epidermal Growth Factor

89
Q

Another name for Vitamin D3

A

cholecalciferol

90
Q

Epidermal cells produce

A

cholecalciferol

91
Q

Liver and Kidneys then convert Vitamin D3 into

A

calcitriol

92
Q

Calcitriols job is to

A

allow calcium and phosphate absorption in small intestine

93
Q

Insufficent vitmanin d3 can cause _______ in children and decreased bone density in the elderly

A

rickets

94
Q

What are the 4 steps in repairing the integument following an injury?

A
  1. inflammatory phase
  2. Migrartory phase
  3. Proliferation phase
  4. Scarring phase
95
Q

What phase of injury repair happens after the initial injury that can cause bleeding. Mast cells are activated. They stimulate inflammation, produces swelling, redness, heat, and pain

A

Inflammatory phase

96
Q

What phase of injury repair is the part that migrate down, rapid cell division and migration along wound edgiest replace missing cells

A

Migratory phase

97
Q

What phase of injury repair is the scab undermined by migrating epidermal cells. Phagocytic activity almost complete. Blood clot disintegrating. Fibroblast have formed collagen fibers and ground substance

A

Proliferation phase

98
Q

What phase of injury repair has the scab shed, epidermis is complete. Shallow depression marks injury site. Finroblast continue to create scar tissue

A

Scarring phase

99
Q

Effects of aging on the integumentary system?

A

fewer melanocytes, drier epidermis, thinning epidermis, diminished immune response, thinning dermis, decreased perspiration, reduced blood supply, slower skin repair, fewer active follicles, and altered hair and fat distribution

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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